كلمة المُراجع (التقريظ)

النورسي ومعالجته النقدية الايجابية البناءة للقضايا

From the very first day, the scholars of the Ummah, Particularly from the time of Im฀m Sh฀f฀ movements of Islamic thought originated, which affected not only the Arabic world but the whole Islamic world. There had been movements of severe revenge and bloodshed and a lot of people were killed. Im฀m Nawras฀ is one of those unique people who served the Islamic thought from such dangerous storms. Day and night he made selfless efforts. He criticized the falsehood and injustice. The period of Im฀m Nawras฀ was plagued with severe gales of argumentations. This became the cause of Invitational, reformative and renewing movement of Im฀m Nawras฀. It faced the western and European attacks which appeared after Industrial and ideological revolutions of Europe. Before starting the movement, he did deep study of current affairs, Islamic thought and history. He studied the reasons due to which chaos of Islamic thought began. It was necessary to study all the situations and to fight with the contemporary Atheistic thought and wipe out its effects. So this article discusses intellectual contributions of Im฀m Nawras฀. He is great in handling the critical situation, and his conservative positive criticism is excellent. He is one of those luckiest persons who survived and got a chance to serve humanity. He was unique in handling intellectual issues away from dialectical demagoguery. Im฀m Nawras฀ really worked great for Islam. His principles regarding intellectual positive criticism, his philosophical thoughts, his criticism on mystic issues are presented here in this article. It is important to study and analyze Nawras฀ ’s amazing ability and his critical positive approach and treatment of constructive issues away from the ego.

Socio-Psychological and Linguistic Factors Involved in Intrasentential Code switching from Urdu to English

Socio-Psychological and Linguistic Factors Involved in Intrasentential Code switching from Urdu to English It is a common practice that while talking in Urdu we switch to English, a language which is considered highly prestigious as well as a sign of sophistication in our society. The current study aims at exploring the three different types of factors — socio-cultural, linguistic, and psychological — which trigger this switching at intrasentential level. The study is deductive in nature in that instead of setting out with already thought-out factors, data from the field is recorded and analyzed in order to find out the factors governing Urdu-English codeswitching. Hence, there is no predisposition or predetermination involved. The three categories of codeswitching factors covered in the thesis correspond to all the three factor-based environments under the influence of which codeswitching takes place, not only from Urdu to English but also in case of other languages. Thus: • Socio-cultural factors refer to the external environment influencing codeswitching. This environment is coloured by social conformity and compliance with mass-practices. In this environment, subjectivity is discouraged; rather banned. The environment may also be termed social environment. • Linguistic factors denote the inevitable factors which arise out of some lack or gap in conversation. We can thus say that these constitute conversation-internal- or simply conversational- factors. Social or mental pressures play no part over here; it is just a genuine linguistic need which triggers codeswitching. • Psychological factors address the mental bend of individual codeswitchers, which leads to codeswitching from Urdu to English. These factors thus correspond to mental environment. Subjectivity and individualism, in sharp contrast to the practice in the social environment, receive a highly conducive ambiance here. It is to emphasize that though the main categories of the codeswitching-factors, i.e. socio-cultural, linguistic, and psychological, are invariable across the languages coming into contact with each other, the factors mentioned under each vary from one language-contact situation to another, and that the current study focuses on exploring the factors specific to Urdu-English codeswitching, i.e. the factors obviously arising out of the indigenous social and linguistic situations.