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Socialization of Beginning English Teachers in Pakistan

Thesis Info

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Author

Tahir, Adnan

Program

PhD

Institute

National University of Modern Languages

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2010

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

English Language & Literature

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2773/1/1674S.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725025024

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English language teaching in Pakistan has been experiencing a period of rapid and multiple reforms in different areas including professional socialization of English teachers. This doctoral study was conducted to examine the relationship between socialization content and effective socialization process of beginning English teachers during the initial four years of their service. Socialization content was identified with four variables: task mastery of teaching skill, professional learning, relationship with senior colleagues, and organizational culture. Effective socialization has been interpreted as the criterion through which the success of the organization’s socialization programs and individuals is evaluated. The survey method was used for generating the desired data. A sample was chosen carefully from the colleges located in Punjab province and Islamabad. A detailed questionnaire comprising three main sections and four sub-sections was used for data collection. A separate questionnaire was used for the Heads of English Department to supplement the research findings. The collected data, from 295 respondents, was examined through descriptive analysis and then computed for interpretation with linear and multiple regression analyses to test study hypotheses. The results did not approve the Null hypothesis of no relationship between socialization content and effective socialization of beginning English teachers. The alternative hypotheses were accepted which assumed a positive relationship between effective socialization (DV) and individual variable of socialization content (IV). Many socialization challenges were found related to beginning teachers’ mastery on teaching skill, on-the-job professional development through formal training programs and job experiences, relationship with experienced colleagues for advice and support, and administrative and cultural inconsistencies. Finally, the study has suggested that introducing mentoring and cost-effective PD models can improve professional skills along with the enhancement in relationship among teachers through various socialization programs. The principals/ administrators can contribute to favorable organizational culture, empowering beginning teachers in classrooms, which may have a positive effect on teachers’ self-perception. There is a need to focus on workplace learning programs with a mind shift from theoretical lectures/ workshops to real life practices. It is hoped that findings of this research would help in developing strategies for the forthcoming socialization and professional challenges in the perspective of English language teaching reforms in Pakistan.
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غزلیات

ستم یہ مجھ پہ زمانے نے بار بار کیا
اسی نے لوٹ لیا جس پہ اعتبار کیا

تمام عمر نبھانے کا توڑ کر پیماں
لباسِ ہستی مرا اس نے تار تار کیا

جو آنے والا نہ آیا تو یوں ہوا تائبؔ
تمام عمر اسی کا ہی انتظار کیا

عہد رسالت میں مملکت کا بنیادی تصور: ایک تحقیقی جائزہ

A nation is formed by society. A society is a group of individuals, families and tribes. These together form locality which are settled into cities. Combined cities form a Nation. Islam is a way of life revealed for every individual of every nation. Our last prophet ﷺis the role model for the whole humanity. His preaching was based upon the teachings of Holy Quran meant for the welfare of society and individuals. He lays the foundation of Islamic Welfare Estate after arriving to Madina. It helps Muslims to follow the teachings of Islam with freedom. Revolutionary steps were taken for the betterment of education and health issues. The foundation was based on Islamic Ethical Values of society. He developed new and modern strategies for the defense of newly developed estate. He himself rules the estate and society as a jurist and legislator. The pact of Madina shows the institutional, internal and external rules and regulations for the newly born Islamic estate. It is also known as the first ever written pact of all the time in known history.

A Co-Relation Study of Telomere Length and Genetic Predisposition to Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Among Pakistani Population

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a hematological malignancy common in children and adult males. ALL is considered to be on the rise in Pakistan. External, physiological and genetic factors have been found to play a fundamental role in causing the cancer. In the present study, we investigated the external factors like exposure to radiations, chemicals, sunlight, smoking, electronic devices and dietary habits as potential risk factors in relation to ALL. None of these factors were found to be associated with ALL risk in Pakistani population. However, among physiological factors we found significant correlation between psychological stress and ALL incidence. Overrepresentation of B+ve blood group was noted among ALL patients. Replicative potential, telomere modulation, migration / metastasis, unlimited proliferation and metabolic reprogramming are important for tumor development. Genes including GMFG, EpCAM, PCSK9, CTC1 and OBFC1 were studied at transcriptional level to elucidate their role in ALL related to motility, proliferation, lipid metabolism and telomere modulation, respectively. The role of these genes in relation to ALL was not studied before. To study telomere modulation important for leukemia cell survival, telomere length measurement was performed. No significant changes in telomere length were observed. However, at transcriptional level, induced expression of telomere modulating genes (CTC1, OBFC1, hTERT) in ALL patients was observed which could be correlated with telomere length maintenance in leukemia cells. The induced GMFG expression, which is important for cell migration, in leukemia patients indicated that it has potential to be used as a leukemia diagnostic marker. EpCAM related to cell proliferation was not well established in ALL. Its mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in ALL patients. Similarly, PCSK9 which regulates cholesterol metabolism was also induced in ALL. mRNA expression of ALL specific genes like TAL1, BLNK and BLACE were also investigated and found to be upregulated in ALL Pakistani population. They, therefore, could potentially be used as ALL gene markers for early detection and diagnosis of leukemia. xii Next, in in vitro studies, naturally occurring biomolecules like costunolide and eugenol were used for identification of new therapeutic approaches with better treatment outcome. Costunolide, a potent telomerase inhibitor reduced EpCAM and its downstream target gene c-Myc and probably also contributed in inhibiting hTERT expression. Similarly, PCSK9 and LOX1 were significantly down-regulated by antioxidant eugenol. Results from this study suggested that costunolide and eugenol could plausibly be used as therapeutic biomolecules for reducing cancer cell proliferation and growth by limiting the metabolic supply.