Women’s health status is affected by complex biological, social and cultural factors, which are interrelated and only can be addressed in a comprehensive manner. Reproductive health is determined not only by the quality and availability of health care, but also by socio-economic development levels, lifestyles and women’s position in society. Women health is compromised not by lack of medical knowledge, but by infringement on women’s human rights including reproductive health rights. Poor women, who lack adequate food, basic health care, or modern contraception, suffer grave consequences for reproductive health. A woman who is malnourished and in poor health runs much greater risks in reproductive health issues and usually suffers without proper treatment and dies in most of cases. The negative consequences of denying RHR extend beyond women’s reproductive health to their overall health, the welfare of their children, and even the economic and social fabric of nations. This thesis presents a study of socio-economic and cultural determinants of attitude towards reproductive health rights in Punjab, Pakistan. The immediate objective of the study was to ascertain the socio-economic and cultural characteristics of the respondent’s attitude towards reproductive health rights which have affect on married women’s knowledge about reproductive health rights and their attitude towards the practices of RHR to maintain their health and to meet their reproductive health need and to investigate the relationship between respondent’s socio cultural factors and their attitude towards reproductive health rights. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 700 married women having at least one child in three districts; Toba-Tek Singh, Bahawalpur, and Rawalpindi of Punjab province, Pakistan. In addition, focus group discussions were also carried out for detailed qualitative information on the issue. After editing and cleaning, a three-fold analysis, at uni-variate, bi-variate and multi-variate levels, of coded data, was undertaken. The main findings at bi-variate level analysis show a significant relationship between all socio-economic and cultural factors (i.e. monthly income, gender role, women’s economic status, inter-spousal communication, mobility, decision making, awareness about HIV/AIDS, modernity, life style aspiration) and the married women’s attitudes towards the acquisition of knowledge and the practice of RHR to maintain their reproductive health rights. Multi-variate analysis showed that the most important and contributing socio-economic factors in explaining married women’s’ attitudes towards the practice of RHR were; monthly income, women’s economic status (currently paid employment), women’s communication with her husband, and women’s decision making power. Therefore, it was concluded on the basis of multi-variate analysis that socio- economic and cultural factors were more important than structural/ environmental and programmatic factors in making women’s attitude positive and more consistent for practicing RHR in Pakistan. From the focus groups discussions it was found that there was a lack of inter-spousal communication particularly over the issue of adoption and practice of RHR. Generally a feeling of forced sex in marriage prevailed. Majority of participants had no participation in decision making process because they assumed and accepted that their husband had final authority to take decision because they wereeconomically dependent upon them and they had to follow the husbands’ decisions otherwise they had to face the music in their marital life. That’s why decisions regarding total number of siblings, to move independently even for the sake of their reproductive health were settled by their husbands. In other words, the qualitative results supported the survey findings that the prevailing socio-economic and cultural situation had the principle influence on such reflexive attitude of married women. On the basis of major findings it is suggested that there is a need to encourage women’s employment; to promote inter-spousal communication particularly initiative taken by women and to support women’s participation in decision making process generally at household level and particularly in family formation to enable them to practice this reproductive health rights.
سیالکوٹ کی مٹی بڑی زرخیز اور مردم خیز ہے۔سر زمینِ سیالکوٹ نے علم و ادب اور فنونِ لطیفہ کے میدانوں میں گراں قدر خدمات سر انجام دی ہیں۔سیالکوٹ کی علمی و ادبی اہمیت مسلمہ ہے۔ہر دور میں خواہ وہ ہندو راج ہو یا مغلیہ راج یا انگریز راج سیالکوٹ نے ہر دور میں علمی و ادبی مرکز کے حوالے سے اپنی شناخت قائم رکھی ہے۔یہاں سے بہت سی نامور روحانی اور علمی و ادبی شخصیات نے جنم لیاہے اور بعض نے یہاں کی روحانی اور علمی وا دبی شخصیات سے فیض حاصل کیا ہے۔
اطہر سلیمی کی تحقیق کے مطابق سیالکوٹ قبل مسیح بھی ایک عظیم تعلیمی مرکز تھا وہ اس حوالے سے رقم طراز ہیں:
۷۰۰ق م سے ۶۰۰ ق م تک یہ اتنا عظیم تعلیمی مرکز بن چکا تھا کہ بنارس کے شہزادے بھی حصول علم کے لیے یہاں آتے تھے۔(۵۹)
مغلیہ عہد حکومت میں سیالکوٹ برصغیر پاک و ہند کے علمی مراکز میں سے ایک اہم علمی مرکز تھا۔خاص طور پر ملاّ کمال کشمیری(م ۱۰۱۷ھ) اورا ن کے شاگر د ملا عبدالحکیم سیالکوٹی کے مکاتیب نے بڑی شہرت پائی۔جہاں ملک اور بیرون ملک کے دور دراز گوشوں سے طالبان علم کھنچے چلے آتے تھے ۔اس زمانے میں سیالکوٹ میں نامی گرامی علما کا اجتماع رہا کرتا تھا۔(۶۰)
اکبر کے زمانے میں حضرت شاہ حمزہ غوث بڑے متقی بزرگ اور پرہیز گار گزرے ہیں ۔اکبر بادشاہ بھی سیالکوٹ آتا آپ کی صحبت میں ضرور حاضر ہوتا اور آپ کے کارناموں کی وجہ سے آپ کے لیے بہت بڑی جاگیر مقرر کی تھی۔حمزہ غوث آپ ہی کی جاگیر پر آباد ہے اس محلہ میں آپ کا مزار اور چلہ گاہ موجود ہے۔
The Holy Quran was revealed in Arabic Language, it is, therefore necessary to seek Arabic Diction to gain the direct guidance from it. The companions of Holy Prophetr, Tabeen, and the reverent Imams strictly rebuked those interpreters who interpret the Holy Quran without having command over Arabic Language. The verses of Quran that are clear in comprehension, explicit and easy, do require the source of interpretation as “Arabic Diction”. This method highlights the positive trends to Arabic Diction. But in the matter of ambiguity and resemblance in verses and deduction of Masael, this Diction will be given second priority. Mere Diction and Arabic Socio-Diction may not be titled as most authentic. Diction is not the ‘last word. ’ The very first priority will be given to the verses of Quran, Hadith e Nabvi and Quotations of Companions of Holy Prophetr. The companions themselves were the native Arabs but they used to do consult some Quranic terms with the Holy Prophetr. As time passed, some strayed sects and atheists ignored this positive trend (Tafseer-bil-Mathur), and accustomed a new trend of interpretation of Holy Quran i. E. Depending upon Arabic Diction only so that they may endorse their own thoughts. It was a negative source of interpreting the Holy Quran i. E. Only by Arabic Diction. The present article explores its historical perspectives after evaluating its negative trends. The Motazila sect got this trend nourished. The representing interpretations of Holy Quran of this trend have been analyzed in this article. At the end, Molana Ameen Ahsan Islahi’s approach to Diction and his Tafseer ‘Tadabbur e Quran’ has been evaluated.
Recognition of online cursive handwriting is difficult and challenging task. This become more cumbersome when it comes to mobile devices where we have small writing area, different writing styles and stroke sequence variation. This research introduces different approaches for recognition of Urdu handwritten characters and word for mobile devices. Comparing all points is resource hungry approach especially for mobile phones. Looking at challenges of mobile phones, Urdu characters are recognized using vectors. It results in fast processing and efficient recognition of Urdu characters consuming lesser resources of the devices. Nevertheless, for complex inputs i.e. online handwritten words proposed technique did not provide good results. Urdu words are compounds of different characters connected with each other. Correct segmentation of online cursive handwriting is difficult to achieve on small writing area. Segmentation free approach is used to recognize Urdu words written on mobile screen. In segmentation free recognition of cursive handwriting, writing rules plays very important role in good and accurate recognition. Looking at shape and location of each character within word, writing rules are designed for Urdu language. A new algorithm is proposed to preprocess the complex input and preserve shape of the actual input. Fuzzy association rules are used to link secondary stroke with their respective primary strokes. Different classifiers such as hidden Markov model (HMM), fuzzy logic, K nearest neighbor (KNN), hybrid HMM fuzzy, hybrid KNN fuzzy and convolutional neural network (CNN) are used for the classification. Statistical tests are applied to find the significance of classifiers results. Experimental results show that by applying proposed preprocessing algorithms and writing rules, recognition rates are impressively enhanced. Vector quantization method provides better results for recognition of online Urdu handwritten characters and hybrid KNN and fuzzy classifier for recognition of ligatures and words in mobile phones.