Becker’s (1968) contribution to economics of crime has led the economists to dig out the causes and consequence of crimes. However, the menace of crimes adversely affects the overall social, economic and political health of a country. It is, therefore, imperative to identify the socio-economic determinants of crimes. The present work is an attempt to explore the socio-economic factors of crimes through conducting survey of the prisoners arrested against the charges of theft, robbery, dacoity and financial fraud in different prisons in Punjab. Other objectives include the elucidation of socio-economic and demographic characteristics of prisoners. The study was carried out in the Punjab because it has 53 percent of the country’s population, 60 percent of the total reported crimes and 67 percent of the prison population of Pakistan. A well-structured questionnaire was designed to interview prisoners and cluster sampling technique was used to draw the representative sample. A survey of 967 prisoners, regardless of their legal status, was conducted in 30 prisons in Punjab. The survey revealed that 50 percent prisoners were arrested for the indictment of theft, 21 percent were kept in the prisons due to robbery, 17 percent were arrested for dacoity, 11 percent were financial fraud offenders and only 1 percent was of the prisoners were arrested due to other crimes. Among prisoners arrested for theft, 10 percent held unemployment responsible for their involvement and 41 percent told that due to poverty they had committed theft. However, 6 percent claimed that due to family issues they had committed theft and 41 percent told different reasons of their participation in theft. Similarly, among prisoners arrested against the charges of robbery, 31 percent held poverty, 16 percent blamed unemployment, 7 percent told family background and 46 percent stated different reasons of their involvement in robbery. Prisoners of dacoity alleged poverty (26 percent), unemployment (8 percent), family background (10 percent) and different reasons (56 percent) of their detention. Only 8 percent of the financial fraud prisoners held unemployment, poverty, family background and keeping up with the joneses responsible of their involvement in financial fraud; however, the remaining 92 percent explained several reasons of their participation in financial fraud. Depending upon the nature of data, binary logistic regression technique was used to find out the relationship between socio- economic determinants and crimes. The results of binary logistic regression of the relationship between theft and socioeconomic determinants without including prison population background characteristics revealed that unemployment and family background had insignificant relationship with theft whereas poverty and other reasons had significant relationship with theft. Similar results were found when prison population background characteristics were included in the model. The relationship between robbery and socioeconomic determinants without prisoner background characteristics explained that unemployment and other reasons had significant relationship with robbery while poverty and family issues had insignificant relationship with robbery. On the other hand, by incorporating the prisoner background characteristics, only unemployment had significant relationship with robbery. The relationship between dacoity and socioeconomic determinants without prisoner background characteristics showed that only family issues had significant relationship with dacoity. The inclusion of prisoner background characteristics in the model resulted in insignificant relationship with unemployment, poverty, family background and other reasons. However, financial fraud had significant relationship with unemployment, poverty and other reasons while family background had insignificant relationship. Similar estimates were obtained when prisoner background characteristics were included in the model. The findings revealed that socio-economic and demographic characteristics provoke individuals to get involved in theft, robbery, dacoity and financial fraud in Punjab.
اک دفعہ دا ذکر اے کہ اک کاں نوں کسے حلوائی دی دکان توں اک پنیر دا تکڑا ملیا۔ کاں نے اوس نوں اپنی چنج نال گھٹ کے پھڑیا تے اڈ کے درخت دی اُچی تھاں اُتے بہہ گیا۔ دل ای دل وچ بہت خوش ہویا کہ اج کھان نوں بڑے دناں بعد چنگی شے ملی اے۔ اوہ خوشی وچ کھاون دا سوچ ای رہیا سی کہ اوہدر اک لومڑی آ گئی۔ کاں کول پنیر دا ٹوٹا ویکھ کے لومڑی دے منہ وچ پانی آ گیا۔ اوہ سوچن لگی کہ کویں ایہہ ٹوٹا کاں کولوں کھو لیا جاوے۔ لومڑی اپنی چالاکی پاروں سارے جانوراں وچ مشہور اے۔ اوس دے دماغ وچ اک تجویز آئی۔ اوہ کاں دی خوشامد کرن لگی۔ اوس آکھیا۔
’’بھرا کاں! توں اک بہت سوہنا پرندہ ایں۔ تیرے پر کنے سوہنے نیں تے تیرا رنگ کناں چمکیلا اے۔۔۔ میرے خیال وچ تیری آواز وی رنگ تے پراں وانگ بہت سوہنی ہووے گی۔ تیری بڑی مہربانی ہووے گی کہ توں مینوں اک سریلا گیت سنا دیویں۔‘‘
کاں نے لومڑی دے موہنوں جدوں اپنی تعریف سنی تاں بہت خوش ہویا۔ اوس فوراً گیت سناون لئی اپنا منہ کھولیا۔ تاں اوہ پنیر دا ٹوٹا اوہدے منہ وچوں نکل کے زمین اتے ڈگ پیا۔ لومڑی نے چھیتی نال اوس نوں چکیا تے کھا لیا تے کاں اپنی بے وقوفی تے افسوس کردا رہ گیا۔
Pulpit and Masjid play very pivotal and productive role in a Muslim society. It not only educates and guides Muslims in religious matters as well shapes the social attitude and role of Muslims. Moreover, it is evident by the history that Islamic State was run by the Head of the State from Masjid. Unfortunately, pulpit and Masjid have been losing sense of their actual responsibility as an agent of social cohesion, integration and reformation. The paper is an attempt of studying the current role of pulpit and Masjid regarding religious education and training, exploring the factors that have been hampering the way of realizing the dream of social reformation in contemporary Pashtun society by not allowing pulpit and Masjid to play its due role in this respect and suggesting feasible recommendation for coping with the issue. The study is based on primary data that was collected through questionnaire in District Bannu and Lakki Marwat.
The human population of world is growing very rapidly and facing a crisis due to over population. In the study of demography, fertility is the most important and perhaps the most complicated aspect than any other aspect of the population. There is a paramount need for the study of components of population growth i.e. fertility, mortality and migration. There is a very sharp reduction in mortality rates and fairly slow declines in fertility rates in Pakistan. This situation presents an alarming vision of the future, because fertility affects the population in variety of ways. So it should be checked so that it would make the country prosperous. The present study “differential fertility with special reference to social stratification” was conducted in Southern Punjab. Three main districts of Southern Punjab Multan, Bahawalpur and Dera Ghazi Khan were selected for the study. Culturally the Southern Punjab is almost the same in nature, but there are too much socio-economic differences between these areas and among the people. Stratified method of sampling was used. The main objectives of the present study were to find out the various socio-economic factors that lead to higher fertility and determine the fertility differential among the various couples according to social stratification. The variation in fertility is caused by various factors such as, educational attainment, economic status, occupation, age, age at the time of marriage, marital period, employment status of woman, religious, race, family structure, health status, etc. These factors are related to each other one being influenced by the other. In the present study 600 respondents were interviewed, the interview schedule technique of data collection was used. The analysis of data was made by using statistical package of social science. Six hypotheses were formulated and five of them were proved and only one hypothesis was disproved.