Pakistan, located between 23o 42´ to 37o 06´ N and 60o 54´ to 77o 52´ E is girdled by the dominating Himalayan ranges in the north under the influence of calms of cancer and shifting of doldrum, with greater part of the country experiencing arid climate alongwith recurring drought. The spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric water and thermal regime is reflected in the high variability of precipitation and resultant extended droughts and floods. Consecutive failure of precipitation leads to meteorological drought; reduced stream flow leads to hydrological drought, in turn resulting in agricultural drought which disturbs the agrarian economy. Pakistan being an agricultural third world country, its economic and hence social milieu is inherently influenced by its climatic variations and severities. Agriculture being the lynchpin of its economy, Pakistan’s GDP has declined from 50 to 22% from 1949-50 to 2009-10. The drought of 1998- 2002 was reported as the worst in the last 50 years. The study is based on the hypothesis that drought, among other natural disasters is the worst enemy of the economy of Pakistan and hence on its social set up. Searching a way out of this critical environmental condition is necessary for ameliorating the socio-economic status of this third-world country. Furthermore, all types of drought originate from meteorological drought in Pakistan. The objectives of the research include revelation of meteorological/climatological nature of drought, classification of Pakistan’s climate, alongwith demarcation of climatologically affected sectors. Determination of the effects of drought and desertification, identification of the relationship between teleconnection phenomena and annual precipitation are also included in the objectives. Determination of the effect of drought on river flow is related to the assessment of socio-economic impact of hydrological drought on the country, as agriculture is inherently related to water availability in the perspective of agricultural drought leading to socio-economic drought. Formulating methods of assessment of meteorological drought is essential from the prediction point of view, which is an essential part of the thesis. The study area encompasses the macro-area of Pakistan served by 51 meteorological observatories. Case study of three selected villages, representative of arid and semi-arid conditions from three most drought prone provinces has been made with the help of questionnaire surveys to collect first hand information of socio-economic impact of drought. Methodology of the study includes in its purview, processing of data collected both from primary as well as secondary sources. Assorted statistical softwares (viz. XLSTAT, MYSTAT, MiniTab, etc.), methods and self made routines have been applied in the temporal study and forecasting module. Some GIS (software) e.g., arcGIS, Surfer, etc. have been employed for spatial study, missing climate data mining, presentation as well as climatic forecasting analysis. Graphical method for missing climate data mining is one of the original contributions of this thesis, alongwith Standardized Rainfall Evapotranspiration Index (SREI), which has been proposed for drought monitoring. The study has revealed that deficit in precipitation and insufficient water resources are the major cause of vulnerability to drought. Hydrological, agricultural and socio-economic droughts are rooted in meteorological drought. Increasing trends of mean temperatures and high potential evapotranspiration dominates throughout the country; which is a sign of climate change. The global source and sink teleconnection phenomena, La-Nina plays a vital role in maneuvering precipitation regions in Pakistan. Droughts severely impact the agricultural productivity and subsequently the rural social status. In order to aid in climatological forecasting a modified formula has been proposed, as an original contribution in the thesis, for calculating sunshine hours from total cloud amount, for the calculation of FAO PenmanMonteith Evapotranspiration. Suggestions for improving socio-economic conditions with reference to drought hazards include reductions in population growth rate and enhancement of agro-based business in order to improve social status of 80% of its population which is directly or indirectly related to agriculture. Development of new and enhancement of old water reservoirs is essential. Construction of small dams in the northern areas and barrages in the southern region cannot only help in reduction of floods but storage of water for use during droughts. Plantation of vegetation, capable of reducing salinity and enhancing water table conditions in the coastal areas e.g. coconut trees, may not only enhance the economy of the area but also improve soil conditions leading to enhanced agricultural productivity. Last but not least, a forecasting equation has been developed for assessing the country’s GDP growth rate based on climate and agricultural data.
"کیا تو بھر چکی اور وہ کہے گی کیا کچھ اور بھی ہے۔ "
اس کے دو مطلب ہو سکتے ہیں ۔ایک یہ کہ " میرے اندر اب مزید آدمیوں کی گنجائش نہیں ہے۔ " دوسرے یہ کہ " اور جتنے مجرم بھی ہیں انہیں لے آیئے " پہلا مطلب لیا جائے تو اس ارشاد سے تصور یہ سامنے آتا ہے کہ مجرموں کو جہنم میں اس طرح ٹھونس ٹھونس کر بھر دیا گیا ہے اس میں ایک سوئی کی بھی گنجائش نہیں رہی، حتیٰ کہ جب اس سے پوچھا گیا کی کیا تو بھر گئی تو وہ گھبرا کر چیخ اٹھی کہ کیا ابھی اور آدمی بھی آنے باقی ہیں؟
یہاں یہ سوال پیدا ہوتا ہے کہ جہنم سے اللہ تعالیٰ کے اس خطاب اور اس کے جواب کی نوعیت کیا ہے؟ کیا یہ محض مجازی کلام ہے؟ یا فی الواقع جہنم کوئی ذی روح اور ناطق چیز ہے جسے مخاطب کیا جا سکتا ہو اور وہ بات کا جواب دے سکتی ہو؟ اس معاملہ میں قطعیت کے ساتھ کچھ نہیں کہا جا سکتا ممکن کہ یہ مجازی کلام ہو اور محض صورت حال کا نقشہ کھینچنے کے لیے جہنم کی کیفیت کو سوال و جواب کی شکل میں بیان کیا گیا ہو، لیکن یہ بات بھی بالکل ممکن ہے کہ یہ کلام مبنی بر حقیقت ہو ۔ اس لیے کہ دنیا کی جو چیزیں ہمارے لیے جامد و صامت ہیں ان کے متعلق ہمارا یہ گمان کرنا درست نہیں ہو سکتا کہ وہ...
Almighty Allah does not leave a person free that he does what he wants like animals, but Almighty Allah made some rules for human which must be followed and obeyed by the man. In the same way some rules are declared for eating and give permission for eating halal and forbid haram. Islam upholds the rights of animals to kind treatment and justice the same as it does for human being. Animals should not be abused or taken for granted. Allah has informed us that the animals are communities like human beings and have similar rights. This paper unfolds the truth that how the animals were deprived of their basic rights in the pre Islamic era and how Islam has laid down a complete code of their welfare. It puts forth the various important aspects of animal welfare in contrast with the modern industrial regulations regarding their lives, treatment, feeding, etc. Furthermore, this paper has been strengthened by the number of revelations from Quran and Sunnah and by the regulations from halal and non-halal industrial guidelines. In this article, the paper emphasis on describing the disparities of three divine religions regarding the use of organs, skin of animals, bones and highlight their procedures of making them safe and useable for mankind. This study will lead us to know that which divine religion is more applicable and provides cleanse food to their followers along with having the status of eternity strength among three.
Microbial electrochemical cell (MXC) technology is a source of sustainable energy which comes from microorganisms. Recent advances in the fields of electromicrobiology and electrochemistry with focus on microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) has earned this technology its name as alternate “green energy”. Despite advances, this technology is still facing challenges to address low power and current density output. Thermoanaerobacter pseudethanolicus 39E (ATCC 33223), a thermophilic, Fe(III)-reducing, and fermentative bacterium, was evaluated for its ability to produce current from four electron donors xylose, glucose, cellobiose, and acetate with a fixed anode potential (+ 0.042 V vs SHE) in a microbial electrochemical cell (MXC). Under thermophilic conditions (60 °C), T. pseudethanolicus produced high current densities from xylose (5.8 ± 2.4 Am−2), glucose (4.3 ± 1.9 A m−2), and cellobiose (5.2 ± 1.6 A m−2). It produced insignificant current when grown with acetate, but consumed the acetate produced from sugar fermentation to produce electrical current. Low-scan cyclic voltammetry (LSCV) revealed a sigmoidal response with a midpoint potential of −0.17 V vs SHE. Coulombic efficiency (CE) varied by electron donor, with xylose at 34.8% ± 0.7%, glucose at 65.3% ± 1.0%, and cellobiose at 27.7% ± 1.5%. Anode respiration was sustained over a pH range of 5.4−8.3, with higher current densities observed at alkaline pH values. Scanning electron microscopy showed a well-developed biofilm of T. pseudethanolicus on the anode, and confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated a maximum biofilm thickness (Lf) greater than ~150 μm for the glucose-fed biofilm. Microbial electrochemical cells (MXCs) are devices powered by microorganisms to generate electricity via oxidation of organic substrates. It is critical to understand the significance of sediment inocula in forming anodic biofilms to improve MEC performance. Five environmental samples were evaluated for electrical current production using acetate-fed microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). Three of these samples were able to produce significant current densities ranging between 3 to 6.3 Am-2. 16S rDNA targeted deep sequencing comparisons of anodic biofilms and sediment bacterial community structures revealed significant differences in bacterial community structures. Bacterial community producing the highest current density x after enrichment was dominated by the class Bacteroidia, δ-proteobacteria and Erysipelotrichi. Comparison of phylogenetic information of bacterial communities with 7 previously reported enriched samples by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) analysis clearly distinguished the biofilm communities from the sediment inocula in terms of higher abundance of genes related to anode respiration. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) also indicated that the clustering of biofilm communities was in accordance with the predominant genera in each sample, such as Geobacter dominating one cluster of biofilms. All the sediments formed a single cluster, which included the Carolina mangrove biofilm community which showed only minor changes from its originating sediment community after enrichment. Predominantly, high current densities are associated with the enrichment of a few microorganisms, often within a single family; however, this organism can be different depending on the inoculum source. Because the selective enrichment selects for just a few bacteria, the biofilm community is significantly different from that of the sediment. While δ-proteobacteria (or the family Geobacteraceae) is dominant in many samples producing high current densities, other samples show communities with yet unidentified ARB as the major fraction.