Search or add a thesis

Advanced Search (Beta)
Home > Socio-Economic Impact of Overseas Workers Remittances on the Recipient Households in District Swabi, Pakistan

Socio-Economic Impact of Overseas Workers Remittances on the Recipient Households in District Swabi, Pakistan

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Khan, Munir

Program

PhD

Institute

The University of Agriculture

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2010

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Labor economics

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/290

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725031761

Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.

Similar


The main objective of this study was to analyze the impact of foreign remittances on the socio- economic development of the District Swabi, NWFP, Pakistan. For this purpose eleven villages were selected where 360 respondents were interviewed in the year 2008. Several important conclusions emerge from this study in the context of: determinants of emigration, the foreign earnings, the mode of utilization and socio-economic impact on recipients in Pakistan. These conclusions are summed up below. The study reveals that both “Pull” and ‘Push’ factors have propelled the emigration process but the “Pull” factors are more dominant. The study also distinctly substantiates the “Age Selectivity” character of emigration stream; 63% of the emigrants under study belong to the 21-30 years age group. The study reveals that the literacy level of the emigrants’ households positively impacted the incidence of emigration. Regression results of the study also clearly establish a positive and significant correlation between the level of ‘formal education’ and ‘formal training’ of emigrants with their income level abroad. These findings discount the commonplace views on this subject in the study universe and thus, should, further strengthen the urge, among the area’s people and also elsewhere, to go for formal education and formal training, more and more. An unexpected finding of the study is the negative and insignificant correlation between emigrants’ non-formal skills and their income level abroad. The emigrants’ remittances have substantially improved their left behind households’ income level, which compares very favorably with income of the in-country workers; being three times higher than the latter. The emigrants’ households were, generally speaking, found to be making a rational allocation of their enhanced income over consumption and productive uses. Some 14% households acquired agricultural land which significantly increased their holdings (22%) over the pre-emigration period; 12% purchased plots of land for residential/commercial construction; 32% invested in livestock that raised their livestock holdings by 83%; 49% bought vehicles, mostly for both personal and commercial use; and 79% constructed or improved their residences, thus creating an asset of growing value by the current trend. Expenditure on health and education is universally regarded a productive outlay, and the emigrants households prominently excel in this respect. These items claimed 11% and 14% respectively of their total current expenditure. The outcomes are manifested in improvement in health situation as well as literacy and education level of the population under study. Both men and women have had their share in this respect. The growing popularity of education among women is, especially noteworthy and is a break away from the social rigidity of the past. Thus, emigration and the resulting inflow of remittances from abroad have set in the much welcome process of socio-economic change and emigration should accordingly be encouraged and facilitated by providing appropriate financial, legal, and
Loading...
Loading...

Similar Books

Loading...

Similar Chapters

Loading...

Similar News

Loading...

Similar Articles

Loading...

Similar Article Headings

Loading...

نعت کہنے کے لیے لفظ نیا ڈھونڈیں گے


نعت کہنے کے لئے لفظ نیا ڈھونڈیں گے
ہم بھی جامیؔ کی طرح رنگ جُدا ڈھونڈیں گے

اِن ستاروں سے بھری راہوں میں کیا رکھا ہے
نقشِ پائے شہِ انوارِ ہُدیٰ ڈھونڈیں گے

وہ تو صدیقؓ کی آنکھوں میں سمایا ہوا ہے
کس طرح اہلِ جفا نورِ خدا ڈھونڈیں گے

تاجِ شاہی بھی یہاں کاسہ بنا دیکھا ہے
تیری دہلیز کو سب شاہ و گدا ڈھونڈیں گے

نورِ بُرہانِ ہُدیٰ ، منزلِ ایقانِ خدا
ڈھونڈنے والے ترے قدموں میں جا ڈھونڈیں گے

جن کی خواہش ہے کھلے دل کی امیدوں کا چمن
گلشنِ طیبہ کی وہ لوگ فضا ڈھونڈیں گے

ہوں گے میزان پہ اعمال مگر کوثر پر
ہم ثنا گوئی کا عرفانؔ! صلہ ڈھونڈیں گے

الأصوات العربية الفرعية في الدراسات الصوتية

يهدف هذا البحث إلى المساعدة على التعرف على كيفية تركيب الألفاظ العربية من حيث إتيان الحروف المجاورة في بنائها، وعند جمع أربعة أو أكثر في التلفظ بها. ويعين على تمييز الألفاظ الأعجمية التي لها ألفاظ عربية. واتبع الباحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي في إجراء البحث. وفي ضوء ما تم تناوله تم التوصل إلى النتائج الآتية: 1- أن تصنيف الحروف الفرعية إلى مستحسن ومستقبح راجع عند القدماء لمبدأ الكثرة والقلة، فما كثر استعماله كان مستحسنا، وما قل استعماله وصف بالاستقباح. 2- تمثل الحروف الفرعية ألوانا من الآراء يعكس اختلاف القبائل العربية آدابها، وهي من صور الأداء المعروفة، مما جعل العلماء يقومون ببيان خواصها الصوتية. 3- جاءت هذه الحروف لإحداث نوع من التناسق والإنسجام في البنية الصوتية.

A Signed-Response Based Node Authentication and Data Securing Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks

During the last decade, authentication of sensor node and secure routing of data been remained an open challenges in Wireless Networks due to their applications in various vulnerable environments. These challenges become more signi cant when Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) composed of tiny inexpensive nodes are consid- ered. This is due to the fact that the solutions proposed for the similar purposes in conventional wireless networks cannot be exploited for sensor networks because of high complexities and power consumptions involved in their algorithms. This thesis proposes a two-fold solution for the issues of node authentication and secure routing in Wireless Sensor Networks. In therst part of the thesis, a low complexity Sybil attack detection mechanism for Wireless Sensor Networks is pro- posed; while in the second part, a Secure Energy E cient Routing scheme called SEER is presented for the data security. Both of the proposed schemes are based on the Signed Response (SRes) authentication and voice encryption mechanism developed for Global System for Mobile (GSM) communications. The proposed Sybil attack detection scheme use pre-distributed key embedded in the sensor nodes. A modi ed version of A3 algorithm used in node authentication produces a SRes with the help of pre-distributed keys against a random challenge number sent by the sink or Cluster Head (CH). The 32 bit SRes is sent back to the sink or CH by the node to prove its legitimacy. The design of node authentication scheme is made exible so that it can be implemented in both hierarchical and centralized Wireless Sensor Networks. The scheme is analyzed for its performance under var- ious Sybil attacks. The scheme is evaluated for its probability of detecting Sybil nodes when di erent authentication key pool sizes are utilized. After extensive simulations, it is observed that the proposed scheme is able to counter Sybil at- tacks with higher probability as compared to notable existing schemes. Moreover, it has also been observed that the proposed Sybil detection scheme exhibits lesser computational cost and power consumption as compared to the existing schemes for the same Sybil attack detection performance.In the second part of the thesis, a secure mechanism for routing of data in Wire- less Sensor Networks; SEER is proposed. The proposed protocol is based on A5 encryption scheme developed for voice encryption in GSM. After successful au- thentication, a modi ed version of A5 algorithm is used to encrypt data during its routing from source to the sink or relay node. SEER uses GRACE (GRAdient Cost Establishment) routing protocol for transmission. For this purpose, a 64-bit ciphering key is used which is produced through a complicated process of pertur- bation in order to make it harder to be traced. SEER has been tested through simulations in MATLAB R by setting up hostile and vulnerable Wireless Sensor Network scenarios with respect to data integrity. The results obtained are then compared with two notable existing secure routing protocols. It is proved that the proposed mechanism SEER helps achieve the desired performance under dy- namically changing network conditions with various numbers of malicious nodes. Due to its linear complexity, lesser power consumption and more dynamic route updation, the proposed Sybil detection and SEER schemes can be easily extended to cater to the needs of emerging industrial wireless sensor networks, Dust Sen- sor Networks and IoT. Emerged from the conventional Wireless Sensor Networks, all the aforementioned networks have got the same nature of vulnerabilities and threats along with the inherited limitations with respect to their hardware and processing capabilities.