ڈپٹی حبیب اﷲ خان
افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ ماہ مارچ کی ۱۴/کوڈپٹی حبیب اﷲ خاں صاحب کا ۹۷ برس کی عمر میں علی گڑھ میں انتقال ہوگیا۔مرحوم سرسید مرحوم کے خاص صحبت یافتہ اور اُن کافیض اُٹھائے ہوئے تھے۔اُن کاحافظہ بلاکاتھا۔سرسید کی تحریک اوراس تحریک کے اعضاء و ارکان کے حالات وسوانح کاجہاں تک تعلق ہے مرحوم اُن کی انسائیکلوپیڈیا تھے اورجب ذکر چھڑ تاتواُس عہد میمنت کے عجیب وغریب واقعات مع پوری تفصیل وجزئیات کے مزے لے لے کرگھنٹوں سناتے تھے اخلاق وعادات ومروت، دینداری اورمذہب کے ساتھ وابستگی کے اعتبار سے سلف صالحین کانمونہ تھے۔ ۱۸۸۶ء سے انھوں نے روزنامچہ لکھنے کاجو اہتمام کیا تھا اُسے مرتے دم تک ترک نہیں کیا، اگر یہ چھپ گیاتوتحریک علی گڑھ سے متعلق بہت عجیب وغریب اورولولہ انگیز معلومات سامنے آئیں گی۔زندگی بالکل فقیرانہ اور درویشانہ تھی،حج بھی کرآئے تھے۔ساری عمر میں لے دے کر انھوں نے ایک بڑی کوٹھی ولایت منزل کے نام سے بنائی تھی اوروہ بھی یونیورسٹی کودے دی تھی، سالہائے دراز سے خوداُس میں بطورکرایہ دار رہتے تھے۔ نماز،روزہ کے بڑے پابند تھے، اسلامی شعائر وآداب کادل وجان سے احترام کرنے والے تھے۔ موجودہ علی گڑھ کا مقابلہ سرسید کے علی گڑھ سے کرتے تھے جس کی اساس ’’دین و دنیا بہم آمیز کہ اکسیراین ست‘‘ پرقائم تھی تویہ باتیں کرتے کرتے روپڑتے تھے۔ غرض کہ عہد سرسید کی ایک بڑی حسین اورگراں قدرنشانی تھے۔آہ!اب بھلاایسے لوگ کہاں ملیں گے؟سدارہے نام اﷲ کا۔اللھم اغفرلہ وارحمہ واسعۃ۔
[اپریل ۱۹۶۱ء]
Allah Almighty has created everything in pairs. It is a scientific fact that these pairs exist in all things, in vegetable kingdom, even in inorganic matters. There is no doubt that these elements do not exist by themselves. The Holy Quran has mentioned repeatedly this fact in different verses. Marriage in Islam is a divine bond between husband and wife to enjoy the social relationship with each other and is a basic unit of Islamic family system. This article presents the structure of a Muslim Family in the light Islamic teachings.
Poverty alleviation, improved environmental managements, and achievement of accelerated economic growth are critical goals of all the South Asian nations and other developing economies of the World. Therefore, for reducing poverty and environmental degradation for the achievement of accelerated economic growth, it is imperative to explore the relationship among these complex issues. This study is an attempt to explore the relationship between poverty, environment, and economic growth in South Asian lower middle income countries (i.e. Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh) with the help of annual time series data covering the time span 1976 to 2014. The study has applied the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) Unit-Root Test, Asymptotic t-test, Approximate F-Test, Wald Test, Lagrange Multiplier Test and System Residual Normality Tests to fulfill the preconditions of the time series analysis and to specify Simultaneous Equation System. To overcome the flaws related with the methodologies adopted by the earlier studies, this study applies the Three-Stage Least Square (3SLS) system estimation methodology to explore the relationship between poverty, environment and economic growth in the South Asian economies. To capture the association between poverty, environment, and economic growth in South Asia, panal data analysis is conducted. Findings of panel data analysis indicate that impact of environmental degradation on economic growth is negative and impact of economic growth on environmental degradation is positive, poverty and economic growth are inversely related with each other, poverty and environmental degradation positively affect each other. In control variables, capital formation has positive impacts on economic growth, energy consumption and urbanization are positively affecting environmental degradation, and population growth and inflation positively affect the poverty. To investigate the relationship between poverty, environment and economic growth in Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh, the study has also conducted the time series analysis. Results of time series analysis demonstrate that impacts of environmental degradation on economic growth are negative, relationships between poverty and economic growth are found negative, relationship between poverty and environment is positive across the South Asian countries. The impact of economic growth on environmental degradation is positive in Pakistan, India and Bangladesh with the exception of Sri Lanka where economic growth has negative impact on environmental degradation which indicates that Sri Lanka has crossed the stage of Environmental Kuznet Curve beyond which growth relieves the environmental degradation, whereas, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh are lagging behind that stage. The study concludes that South Asian countries do not follow the identical trends and patterns of poverty, environment and economic growth. So, it is not possible to suggest identical policy implications for all the countries. Majority of the results of system equations are found to be theoretically supportive across South Asian countries. Nevertheless, the findings of the study imply that the relationships among poverty, environment and economic growth are critical challenges for policy makers, researchers and the leaders as well, so that bad impacts of poverty and environmental degradation could be controlled in order to accelerate economic growth. Therefore, by recognizing the links between poverty, environment and economic growth, it is suggested that South Asian leaders, researchers and policy makers should devise an integrated economic development strategies that provide a prominent role to poverty alleviation and reducing environmental degradation. The achievement of accelerated economic growth may become the ultimate source to provide a window of opportunities for eradicating poverty and reducing environmental dreadful conditions and lead to a virtuous circle.