The velocity profile and the associated tangential stress corresponding to the oscillatory flow of Maxwell fluid with non-integer order derivative, within double infinite circular cylinders,areobtainedwiththehelpofthemethodsofLaplaceandfiniteHankeltransformations. Moreover, the exact solutions for the rotational flow of Oldroyd-B, Burgers’ and generalized Burgers’ fluids, passing through the single circular cylinder with fractional order rate of change, are derived by using the integral transform methods. At first, we assumed there is no motion (in these different fluids) and afterward the motion is due to the oscillatory movement of the inner cylinder for Maxwell fluid and for the Oldroyd-B fluid the motion is due to the effect of shear stress exerted from boundaries. Similarly, for theBurgers’andgeneralizedBurgers’fluids,therotationalmotioniscreatedthroughfixed axis of rotation of the circular cylinder with an unsteady angular velocity. These solutions are in series form in the terms of the generalized Ga,b,c(.,t)-function. The corresponding obtained solutions can be easily specified to the similar solutions for Burgers’, OldroydB, Maxwell, second grade and Newtonian fluids respectively. Conclusively, the impact of the physical and fractional parameters on the fluid motion and their co-relations are presented by several graphical interpretations. The MHD flow of Burgers’ fluid flowing through porous material pipe under the effect of pressure gradient is also solved by using dimensionlessvariabletechnique. Theeffectofphysicalparametersarealsoshowngraphically. Furthermore, the first order uniform chemical reaction of a viscous incompressible unsteady flow of fluid passing on an oscillatory infinite long vertical plate is studied. The modified temperature and uniform mass diffusivity are taken for the problem of the plate oscillationaboutitsmainaxisoftheposition. TheLaplacetransformationprocess/method is used to obtained the analytical solutions for the non-dimensional governing equations. The variation in the velocity, temperature and concentration is investigated through detailed graphical analysis.
In order to get a vivid picture of Pakistan-Iran relations, the paper delves into the past with Iranian history and Iranian sphere of influence in South Asia. Both South Asia and Iran have ancient historical, cultural and religious ties since the times of the Cyrus the Great to the present. The Persian language and literature particularly the Persian classical poetry have left a great impression on sub-continent’s cultural and educational canvass. Pakistan-Iran border which was drawn by the British in the 1880s, remains still intact. Though the border is a wasteland with little agriculture but on the sea-front both the countries have access to the Strait of Hormuz which is of great strategic importance. Moreover, ethnic Baloch live on both sides of the border and crossborder and trade and livestock is the mainstay of cross-border economy. During the Cold War period, both Pakistan and Iran were subservient to the US policies against the Soviet Union; consequently, both received massive arms and equipment. This paper also indicates that during Mohammed Reza Shah’s time, the relations between Pakistan and Iran were quite friendly but they underwent a change after the Iranian revolution and during General Zia’s time. The main issues have been spelled out up-till 1979 and the minor frictions between the two countries could be managed through diplomacy. External pressures are also influencing the contemporary relations between the two countries and have put Pakistan in a dilemma. Historical and secondary sources have been used for the conduct of the study. Historical research has an important role to play in the Social Sciences. It helps us to understand the present by highlighting the past events.
Germin like proteins (GLPs) are large group of related and ubiquitous plant proteins. These proteins are considered to be involved in most of the processes important for the development of plant and defense mechanism. Although multiple copies of this gene family have been reported in a number of species (wheat, barley, rice, soybean, mosses and liverwort), even then the up-regulated expression of GLP transgenes has demonstrated additional defense capabilities. Due to reported role of GLPs in conferring fungal resistance, there is a need to explore their antifungal activity. For this purpose potato was selected as experimental material. It is a vegetable crop and produces, on average, additional food energy and protein than cereals. Potato with immense nutritive value, large yield, and significant cash return to farmers, has become a major crop for both farmers and consumers in Pakistan. Potato is susceptible to many kinds of diseases, especially to fungal pathogens, therefore genetic engineering of potato for disease resistance is an important strategy study and apply disease resistance. GM technology can be an effective tool for crop improvement. The transgenic approach was pursued to introduce rice (Oryza sativa) germin like protein gene OsRGLP1 using two recombinant vectors pC:OsRGLP1 and pG:OsGLP1 via Agrobacterium mediated transformation. Confirmation of presence of gene was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). One-step reverse transcriptase PCR was used for transcriptional analysis and expression was quantified in real time in all PCR positive putative transgenic lines. Functional status of transgene was studied in selected high expression lines from two vectors. It was observed that OsRGLP1 possesses super oxide dismutase activity and it is heat resistant and is sensitive to H2O2. These characteristics make it a Fe like SOD. A high H2O2 level was detected in transgenic lines. Fungal assay with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tuberosi showed xvi enhanced foliar resistance in transgenic lines in comparison to untransformed control plants. OsRGLP1 may be used as source for nonspecific fungal resistance in plants and the antioxidant activity of heat resistant SOD may be explored for abiotic stress tolerance.