پاکستانی دستور میں حکمرانوں کا تصور استحقاق اسلامی تعلیمات کی روشنی میں

Constitution is the basic code of every state system. There are laws for state administration, discipline and rulers in constitution. There are some privileges for the rulers in the Pakistani constitution. Among the privileges that Pakistani rulers have, laws of exception, protocol and luxury packages or facilities are included. In Pakistani constitution, the rulers also enjoy these privileges and according to the rules and regulation of parliament and senate. Our Constitution does not provide Parliamentarians any specific immunity against criminal actions as has been granted to the President as well as the Prime Minster. The only specific protection enjoyed by a Minister/Prime Minister is for official actions under powers of their office. The right of lessen or amendment in Sharīʻah penalty of the President of Pakistan is not right according to the Islamic Sharīʻah. But he can utilize honorary rights in criminological penalty. The Governor has the authority to dissolve the Provincial Assembly under certain circumstances during the emergency situation. If the ruler uses the option of freedom of opinion with deception, dishonesty and contempt of court then he should also be answerable. Sometimes rulers misuse their privileges and even exceed their powers. Discretionary options of the rulers must be under public interests. Such privilege rules must be amended which reflect inequality between rulers and masses. It is necessary to put the honorary rights of rulers under logic and there must be a law of behold for the unlawful usage of authority, so that the bad utilization of these laws can be prevented. Such reserved rights must be amended which enhance the concept of un-equity between the rulers and public. For the better administration harmony among the public and administration is necessary. In this research paper we will analyze the concept and importance of privileges mentioned in the Constitution of Pakistan in the light of Islamic teachings.

An Analysis of Discretionary Approaches of High School Heads in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

This research is focused on the analysis of discretionary approaches of high school heads. Discretion is the exercise of judgment, power to do things or to decide when and how to implement for the improvement of individual performance as well as educational institutions efficiency and effectiveness. The study investigated the discretionary: managerial, instructional leadership, disciplinary, conflict mediating, and public dealing approaches of high school heads. The tools of the study were questionnaires, interviews, and observations. Sampling was made by using „Census sampling‟ and „Simple random sampling‟. The pilot study of the research instruments were carried out on content and construct validity. The reliability of the research tools was tested on „Factor analyses‟ and „Cronbach‟s alpha‟. In this study, the data were triangulated by explanatory sequential design of a „Mixed method approach‟ including quantitative and qualitative data. The quantitative data were collected from 192 heads and 265 working teachers and similarly the qualitative data were collected from 12 District Education Management Personnel and 29 heads of institutions. The quantitative data were analysed on frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and one sample t-test. The qualitative data were analyzed on the suggested method of Mile and Huberman. The key findings of the study indicate that heads make decisions on the basis of observations, plan syllabus for the whole academic year, struggle to achieve long term and short term targets, inform staff about their responsibilities, provide feedback to the staff on the spot, take initiative for controlling the weak areas of discipline, provide guidance to the learners on self-discipline, resolve conflicts through mutual dealing and discussion but there are heads who are inefficient in supervising effective school management, improving instructional strategies, managing school control, carrying out interpersonal relationship with the parents and the community, working for the improvement of the staff and the learners‟ performance, caring for equality and justice with the staff, appreciating the staff efforts and their hard work, utilizing staff potential according to their talent, cooperating with the parents and the community and sharing with them in decision making. The study concludes that heads are efficient in making decisions, achieving desired targets, planning syllabus, providing feedback to the staff but they are found inefficient in organizing school management, improving instructional techniques, managing school discipline, caring for equality and motivation of the staff, making cooperation and interpersonal relationship with the parents and the community. It is recommended that heads may exercise their discretionary powers and approaches willfully: for the effective supervision of schools in order to improve the instructional strategies, managing school control, working for the staff and the learners‟ effective performance, caring for equality and justice with the staff and establishing interpersonal relationship with the parents and the community.