غلام نبی مہجور(۱۹۴۸۔۱۸۸۰) پسرور ضلع سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ اصل نام غلام نبی اور مہجورؔ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ (۲۰۰) پنجاب یونیورسٹی سے مہجور نے منشی فاضل کا امتحان پاس کیا اور بدوملہی سکول میں اردو عربی کے استاد مقرر ہوئے۔ اسی ملازمت کے دوران آپ احمدیہ جماعت میں شامل ہو گئے اور تبلیغی خدمات سر انجام دینے لگے۔ آخری عمر میں احمدیہ مسلک سے کنارہ کش ہو گئے۔ (۲۰۱) مہجور کا بیشتر کلام روزنامہ ’’احسان‘‘ اور ’’شباب‘‘ میں چھپتا رہا۔ آپ کی مولانا عبد المجید سالک اور آغا حشر کاشمیری سے اچھی وابستگی تھی۔
قاضی عطاء اﷲ عطا اپنی کتاب ’’شعرائے پسرور‘‘ میں مہجور کی ادبی محفلوں میں شرکت کے بارے میں لکھتے ہیں:
بچپن ہی سے شاعری کے جراثیم آپ کے وجود میں موجود تھے جو آہستہ آہستہ پرورش پا کر بڑے جسیم اور توانا بن کر مختلف مشاعروں اور محافل میں اپنی قوت کا لوہا منوا چکے تھے۔ لہذا کانپور اور رمتھرا کے آل انڈیا مشاعروں میں جہاں سیمابؔ‘ فارغؔ‘ صبا ؔاور جگرؔ وغیرہ شریک ہوتے۔ آپ کا کلام اعلیٰ ترین حسنِ تغزل کو لئے سیماب جیسے شعراء کو سیماب پا کر دیتا۔(۲۰۲)
بہت کوشش کے باوجود مہجور کا مکمل کلام بازیاب نہیں ہو سکا۔ کچھ غزلیات اور نظمیں ’’تاریخِ پسرور‘‘ اور ’’شعرائے پسرور‘‘ سے دریافت ہوئی ہیں۔
مہجور کی رباعیات اور غزلیات کے مطالعہ سے واضح ہوتا ہے کہ خدا کا شکر‘ حمد و ثنا‘ تقدیر و قسمت اور مسلمانانِ برصغیر کی حالتِ زار مہجور کی شاعری کے اہم موضوعات ہیں:
جہاں میں خواجگی اور بندگی تقسیمِ فطرت ہے عطائے بے سبب پر شکر رحماں کر رہا ہوں میں
کوئی حاسد نہ مانے خواجگی میری تو نہ مانے عدو کو صورتِ سیماب لرزاں کر رہا ہوں میں (۲۰۳)
سلطنت کی کچھ...
Islām is said to be a complete code of conduct. It guides the humanity in every aspect of life. To earn the best living is the aim of every man, for which he earnestly spends his most precious time and energies. In the present era, the economic activities are in close correspondence with the banking system. But, it is a matter of fact that the conventional banking system was not founded on Islamic economic principles, nor does it follow them in the conduct of its affairs. The question arises, are Islām and its academic sources capable to guide us to substitute the conventional banking system. We find that Muḍārabah in an Islamic economic system is an instrument that emanates a number of substitutions to replace the conventional banking. This article discusses Muḍārabah, only. Muḍārabah is a mode of Islamic financing in which one party provides capital and second one employs its expertise to do a business. In the classical Muḍārabah, there were only two parties. One of them is called Rabb al-Māl (Financer) and second Muḍārib (Worker). It was the simplest form of the classical Muḍārabah, but with the passage of time, Muḍārabah evolved into many forms. Now, it has become more complex. The Islamic banks employ Muḍārabah. They are using modern forms of Muḍārabah in their products. People have several misconceptions about Muḍārabah for lack of knowledge about it and its the procedures. This article is an effort to explain the legitimacy of Muḍārabah and its method according to al-Sharī‘ah in the context of the modern Muḍārabah banking.
High voltage direct current (HVDC) system used for bulk power transfer over longer distance offers numerous advantages compared to high voltage alternating current (HVAC) transmission system, such as inter-connect networks operating at different frequencies, comparatively low line losses because of constant current and absence of reactance. Power converters are needed (AC-to-DC-to-AC) to embed DC links into power transmission systems. Among the power converters, the modular multilevel converter (MMC) based on voltage-source converters (VSCs) is emerging as a potential candidate for HVDC transmission systems. It offers several advantages, such as the absence of large power supplies at each module, lower harmonics, less switching losses, modular structure, and scalable output voltage. However, for a large DC-network (HVDC system), MMC requires large number of sub-modules (SMs) and switches, which makes its modeling very challenging and computationally intensive using electromagnetic transient (EMT) type programs like PSCAD/EMTDC. Average Value Model (AVM) offers a better option to model MMCs by combining SMs to make an arm equivalent circuit. Each arm of an MMC can be modeled as a controllable voltage source due to cascaded connection of identical SMs, which in turn results in scalable output voltage for MMC. Circulating current and voltage fluctuations of SMs capacitors are important issues to consider during the operation and stability of MMCs. Circulating currents contribute to power loss in MMCs as root mean square (RMS) value of the arm current increases. Circulating current also increases the amplitude of voltage fluctuations of SMs capacitors, DC side current oscillations that affects the stability of MMC. The traditional method for inserting SMs in each arm is based on direct modulation, which utilizes two reference waveforms for controlling arm voltages in MMC. It does not compensate the arm voltage oscillations, and generates circulating current in each leg of a three-phase MMC systems. Existing circulating current control methods can be divided in two groups: (1) elimination of higher order harmonics reduces the RMS value of arm currents at expense of increase in capacitor voltage ripple; and (2) injecting higher order harmonics in circulating currents, which reduces the capacitor voltage ripple at expense of increase in the RMS value of the arm current. In this research work, a new method is proposed and simulated to minimize capacitor energy variations by injecting even order harmonics to the upper and lower arm currents based on direct modulation method. This injection will restrict excessive negative currents in each arm of the MMC, leading to the presence of DC current components, which results in the reduction of circulating currents and RMS values of the arm current inside each leg of 3-phase MMC. Furthermore, with this technique voltage fluctuations of SMs capacitors and oscillations in DC link current also reduce. A two terminal symmetrical monopole MMC-HVDC test system based on time variant AVM model is designed and simulated in PSCAD/EMTDC to validate the effectiveness of proposed method. This symmetrical monopole MMC-HVDC system use vector current control that needs grid voltage for synchronization and to accurately extract phase angle and frequency at the point of common coupling (PCC) for the control system. Conventionally Phase-locked loop (PLL) is implemented to synchronize MMC output voltage to grid voltage while estimating, grid voltage phase angle and frequency in order to generate voltage and current references for the grid side converter control system. However, presence of the DC-offset at input voltage of a PLLresults in fundamental frequency oscillations, that introduces phase angle error leading to instability of the MMC-HVDC system as the current references tracked by controllers with erroneous values. Therefore, a 3-phase double integration method (DIM) is proposed and implemented for grid synchronization of a 3-phase MMC in HVDC system, that removes DC offset at input voltage and enables a smooth start during normal start-up of a grid or after disturbance improves the stability of HVDC system. Finally, this research work also highlights the challenges and issues related to the integration of electric power produced by wind energy into the AC Grid. It is concluded that HVDC system provides better option for the possible future expansion of existing AC transmission lines in order to integrate electrical power generated by wind energy sources.