This study was conducted to standardize plant spacing (Exp. # 1), planning geometry (Exp. # 2) and nutrients input (Exp. # 3 & 4) for quality seed production of radish. Field experiment were conducted during 2013-14 and 2014-15. The results of 1st experiment exhibited that though the growth characters like number of branches, branch length, silique length, silique weight, number of siliques/plant, 1000 seed weight and seed yield/plant were maximum in treatment combination of row and plant spacing 75×45 cm, but seed production/plot was highest in treatment combination of row and plant spacing 60×45 cm, due to higher plant population per unit area. Up take up of NPK was maximum for treatment combination of 75×45 cm due to less inter-plant competition. So, maximum seed production can be obtained by adopting the row and plant spacing of 60×45 cm. In 2nd experiment, it was observed that ridge sowing technique was the best for seed production of radish, is optimal. While, Mino Early variety, performance was better than forty days variety in ridge sowing method. Maximum, N, P and K contents in seed were also observed in ridge sowing. Least seed production was recorded in flat sowing. The results obtained from 3rd experiment indicated that the application of N, P and K @ 100: 100: 75 kg/ha was effective for getting higher seed yield of radish under climate of Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Plant lodging increased at higher application rates of nutrients, especially nitrogen. Maximum N, P and K contents in seed were recorded in response to NPK application @ 125:100:50 kg/ha, 125:75:75 kg/ha, 125:50:75 kg/ha, respectively. There was no significant impact of various fertilizer doses on number of seeds/silique, silique length and seed germination. The results of 4th experiment exhibited stecklings produced from healthy roots ensured higher and uniform seed production of radish crop. Addition of N, P and K @ 75: 65: 65 kg/ha were found effective for getting higher yield of radish root crop, these roots, when subsequently used for steckling preparations, gave higher seed yield than other fertilizer application rates. Plant lodging increased with increase in nutrient application rates, especially nitrogen. There was no significant impact of various fertilizer doses on seed germination. In crux, for highest seed production, steckling should be planted on ridges, keeping row to row and plant to plant spacing of 60×45 cm, and NPK should be applied @ 100: 100: 75 kg/ha under the agro climatic conditions of Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. While, addition of NPK @ 75: 65: 65 kg/ha to root crop for higher root yield and such roots produced higher seed yield than other fertilizer treatments.
اپنی مثال آپ ڈاکٹر غلام شبیر اسدؔ ہر چند شاعری تخلیقی محرک کی محتاج ہوتی ہے مگر موضوعی شاعری دراصل اس وقت زور دارہوتی ہے جب فیضان و عقل، جذبِ درروں اور بیدار قوتِ فیصلہ یا پھرشعور و لاشعور کے دھارے آپس میں مل جاتے ہیں۔یہ وہ مقام ہوتا ہے جہاں عرفان و وجدان اور فہم وخرد کی توانائی ایک دوسرے کو سہارتے ہوئے باہم آمیز ہو جاتے ہیں۔یہ حقائق اپنی جگہ بجا لیکن جب بھی کسی تخلیق کار کو اخلاقی موضوع کا سامنا کرنا ہوتا ہے تو شرطِ اوّل کے طور پر ذہنی وقلبی،نزہت و متانت ، نیاز مندی ،عاجزی و انکساری اور مثالی اسلوبِ کلام کا حامل ہونا لازم آتا ہے۔متحرک و منور اسلوب کی بنیادی غذا ،تخلیق کار کی شخصیت، حُبِ موضوع ،مقام کا حاملعلم و کردار ،تقویٰ و ایمان ،طبعی مناسبت، تہذیب کے اِساسی زاویوں سے آگاہی اور وفورِ شوق سے تیار ہوتی ہے۔اردو نعتیہ سرمائے کی متنوع جہات میں سیرتِ النبیﷺ کے حتی الامکان پہلوئوںکواجاگر کرنا کسی بھی شاعر کے لیے آزمائش سے کم نہیں ، پھر اس سے بڑی آزمائش ہیئت مسدس میں اظہار، جس کا مزاج ہمیشہ متقاضی رہا ہے کہ مترنم اور رواں دواں وسہل اوزان کے ساتھ ساتھ دلوں میںاترتا شفاف کومل لہجہ اورآبِ زُلال سے دھلی زبان شیتل سی مخمور لے پوری قدرتوں کے ساتھ بہم ہو۔میں سمجھتا ہوں کہ یہ سب لطائفِ پر نور روحِ بندگی سے میسر آتے ہیں۔ اگر ایسا نہ ہو تو معلومات کو شعر میں لانے سے ثقالت کا احساس حاوی رہتا ہے، جس کامسدس متحمل نہیں ہو سکتا۔ انھی موضوعی اور معروضی خوبیوں کے سبب پورے وثوق سے کہا جا سکتا ہے کہ مسدس ہی ایک ایسی صنفِ سخن ہے جسے دنیا بھر کی مستند و اعلیٰ نظموں کے مدِ مقابل رکھا جاسکتا ہے۔ انیس، دبیر حالی ، چکبست ،امانت...
This study revisited the literature to find answer to an important question that whether Zakat could or could not be paid to the non Muslims? There are different arguments in favor of giving the Zakat to the needy Dhimmies (non Muslims) in an Islamic State. After reviewing Islamic teachings, laid down in holy Quran and Sunnah, the practices of pious Caliphs, in the Islamic History, views of different Islamic schools of thought and the opinion of modern Islamic jurists, the study found that Quran and Sunnah allowed the payment of zakat to the Al-Muallaf-al-Qulub (poor non-Muslims and those, whose hearts are to be inclined). However, there are differences in the opinion of various Islamic schools of thought. For example, according to Maliki and Zaidi schools of jurisprudence it is lawful to give Zakat to the non-Muslims, where as Shyafee school of thought hold opposite opinion and does not allow the payment of Zakat to the non-Muslims. The modern Islamic jurists Muhammad Shaltut, Mustafa Al-Zarka, Taha Jabir, Syed Abual Aa la Maududi, Imam Khumany of Shia School of thought etc, argue that since modern states have become welfare states, it is therefore allowed to use zakat for the well-being of citizens including the non-Muslims. The recommendations given in this study are multidimensional that we will not only help the poor non-Muslims but also complement to eradicate poverty and reduce income inequality in Muslim countries
There are two main streams to deal with traditional asset allocation strategies i.e. theoretical approach and implementation approach. These approaches are the prime focus of this study. Portfolio optimization is based upon two fundamental ingredients i.e. estimation of return vector and covariance matrix. This study compares the 12 covariance matrix under four categories i.e conventional methods, factor models, portfolio of estimators and shrinkage approach. This study also compares the performance of 7 alternative ways for estimation of return vector. Study also develops portfolios based on mean-variance optimization, minimum variance portfolios, constraints portfolios and naïve diversification. This study first time introduces the ‘country risk’ as unprice risk factor in the Black-Litterman model and uses this augmented Black-Litterman formula (BL-CR) for the estimation of expected return vector. The comparison of asset allocation strategies are base upon the financial efficiency and diversification dimensions using 10 asset classes from 5 emerging Asian countries i.e. India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Philippines & Thailand, 4 asset classes from global environment and 22 asset classes from Pakistan. Study reveals that factor models as a group outperform the competing covariance estimators in all the emerging countries. From the number of positive and negative weights to asset classes, maximum and minimum value of weights, other diversification measures of the mean-variance framework, it is reveal that mean variance portfolios are concentrated, mostly counterintuitive, results more short positions and highly sensitive to the choice of input. Similarly the financial efficiency of these portfolios is also highly sensitive to the input estimates. Results of asset allocation strategies suggest that, on an average, equally weighted portfolios result a competitive strategy in Pakistan and in global environment. Therefore study also recommends that investment managers and academia should at least consider the naïve diversification as a first obvious benchmark in comparison with other asset allocation strategies. The BL-CR model outperform the original model as it has relatively less short positions, more number of positive weight, less variance, low value of Herfindahl index and high value of excess sharp ratio. Therefore BL-CR model is more appropriate on mathematical and empirical ground in asset allocation than original model to disperse country risk. This study also recommends that investment managers and academia should consider the Black-Litterman model under country risk for tactical asset allocation decisions in emerging Asian countries.