This thesis attempts to contribute to the debates on the less than satisfactory outcomes of state building interventions in post conflict societies. The broad enquiry underlining this thesis has been: Why interventionist state building is unable to restore effective statehood in the so-called “failed states?” The thesis argues that the failures of current state building practice in intervened states need to be located in state failure discourses. The state failure discourses draw a Western Weberian yardstick to define and explain the phenomenon of failed states. These discourses paint failed states to be either lacking broadly, centralized state institutions for service provision, or liberal characteristics of a democratic participatory political system and a free market economy. These two explanations of state failure pre-dominate the state building debate and its practice. State building is theoretically recognized as constructing state institutions and building upon their functional effectiveness, or it is understood to encompass creation of a legitimate political order, based on popular consent and the establishment of viable and strong economy on free market principles. This understanding when put into practice assumes two main variants of state building model: state building as institution building; and state building as building of a liberal political and economic order. The thesis argues that these two variants of state building when practiced in post conflict situations produce a set of paradoxes that inhibits the attainment of desired goals. It attempts to explore the paradoxes by focusing on external attempts at building states in the Balkans, East Timor, Iraq and Cambodia. Next, it studies the post 2001 state building practice in Afghanistan within the framework of institutional and liberal paradoxes. The thesis specially focuses on the paradoxes generated from an understanding and practice of state building as institution building. It explores the institutional paradoxes at the sub-national district level in Bati Kot, Nangarhar, to study what shape these take at district level and how these prohibit achievements in state building exercises. The findings of the thesis suggest that institutional state building practice in post conflict societies generates two broad categories of paradoxes: capacity building vs. dependency; and formal vs. informal/technocratic vs. traditional. The capacity building vs. dependency paradoxes are generated because the state building intervention fails to achieve its objective of 8 restoring effective statehood in intervened settings, the avowed objective of intervention in the first place. The manner in which capacity building exercises are conducted to build formal state structures, end up making them more dependent on external help and finances. Capacity building actually builds dependency. In a similar vein, technocratic top-down exercise of building institutions, either negates indigenous governance practices, or create belated linkages with informal social and political practices. Resultantly, these either do not find acceptance among local population and end up being adhered to by few in urban centres, or create conditions of de facto influences over the de jure. The interplay between the formal and the informal, depending on context and environment and the initiative, either serves to inhibit state building goals, or promote these, but in non-orthodox, unconventional manner. Such contestations between the formal and the informal, the technocratic and the traditional makes the state building process complex and complicated for external state builders to device state building models that are more adaptive to local conditions.
اعلان نبوت سے پہلے حضورؐ کا عقیدہ اور ایمان اعتراض نمبر۹۳ ما رگولیس کہتا ہے حضرت خدیجہ ؓ اور آنحضرت ﷺ قبل از نبوت ‘ دونوں سونے سے پہلے ایک بت کی پرستش کر لیا کرتے تھے جس کا نام عزیٰ تھا ۔ ( مارگولیس ۔امہات المو منین ۔۵۹) ۲ ۔انسائیکلو پیڈیا آف اسلام واقعہ غرانیق کے تحت متعدد الزامات تحریر کیے ، اس کے بعد کہا ’’ابتدائی اعتقادات کی جھلک اس طرح بھی نظر آتی ہے کہ عربوں کی طرح انہیں ( محمد ﷺ) بھی جن و شیطان پر عقیدہ تھا ۔ مکہ اپنے حرم کے ساتھ ان کے نزدیک بھی مقدس تھا جن کے تقدس اور رسوم کو انہوں نے اپنے مذہب میں باقی رکھا پھر ایک مرتبہ کفر کی طرف لوٹ جانے کی خواہش نے زور کیا جس پر جلد قابو پا لیا ‘‘۔ جواب: انبیاء اور رسل اعلان نبوت و رسالت سے قبل بھی صفات خداوندی سے آشنا ہوتے ہیں اور ذرا برابر انہیں ان صفات میں شک و شبہ نہیں ہوتا ارشاد ربانی ہے ’’ و لقد الھنا ابراہیم۔۔۔۔۔ عالمین‘‘۔ ’’ترجمہ ‘‘ بے شک ہم نے ابراہیم ؑ کو پہلے ہی سے ان کی شان کے مطابق رشد عطا کیا اور ہم ان کی استعداد کو پہلے سے خوب جانتے تھے ۔‘‘ یہ رشد کیا ہے ؟ سورہ الحجرات میں ہے کہ ’’ رشد قلب میں ایمان و اطاعت خدا وندی کی محبت اور کفر و فسق اور معصیت کی نفرت راسخ ہو جائے اس کا نام رشد ہے ۔ اس سے ظاہر ہے کہ سید نا ابراہیم ؑ ابتدا ہی سے رشد و ہدایت پر تھے یہی حال تمام انبیاء و رسل کا ہے ۔ آپ کا ارشاد ہے ’’ جب میرا نشوو نما شروع ہوا ‘ اس وقت سے بتوں کی شدید نفرت اور عداوت اور اشعار سے سخت...
In ancient and modern era wars, such war crimes are committed which are against humanity and peace. The war crimes committed were only for power pelf and pomp. The continuation of those war crimes is still present in modern time wars. Islam has introduced a very civilized, meaningful and judicious way for war fare against enemy and also eradicated all kind of war crimes.
Pesticides are used in agriculture to safe guard the crops and new vegetation/plantation against pests, diseases, and weeds. Vegetable crops are usually attacked by insect pests round the year from seedling stage up to maturity of the crop because of their attractive colors. The insects, pests cause high damage to the production. It is observed that these pests destroy nearly half of the world''s agricultural crops which not only affects the yield and economy but also leads to lesser economic returns to farmers coupled with decreased supply of food to huge population. It therefore warrants to enhance the yield of crops to feed the ever growing population particularly in developing countries. The study was conducted in two parts. In the first part, the selection of pesticides was carried out through the survey conducted in six districts of lower Sindh to assess the knowledge, perception and use of pesticides amongst farmers. It was observed that farmers were using 27 different types of pesticides belonging to different groups. Out of these, six were most commonly and frequently used. It was further observed that farmers were not applying pesticides in recommended doses, time, frequency, safety interval after last spray and were also not following safety measures during pesticides spray on the crops. Sixty dealers (10 from each district) were allowed to participate in the survey. Questions were asked from the pesticide dealers as per structured questionnaire and it was noticed that 2 dealers of total (3.34%) were postgraduate, 34 (56.66%) were graduate and 15 dealers (25%) had education up to secondary level and 9 dealers (15%) had education up to middle. Majority of the pesticide dealers were not agricultural graduates but these dealers got briefings periodically from pesticide sales representatives of different companies. These sales representatives are competent agriculture graduates with specialization in plant protection, entomology, plant pathology or agronomy. Pesticide companies and other agricultural representatives periodically visited pesticide dealers in different areas explained briefly and provided literature in the form of leaflets and brochures mostly in the local language (Sindhi/Urdu) and/or English of pesticide products. Twenty seven dealers (45%) of them on a quarry replied that they did nothing for the use or reuse of the expired products, whereas 19 dealers (31.67%) returned the pesticides to the respective companies after expiry date, 3 dealers (5%) of them threw them away, whereas 11dealers (18.33%) buried them in the soil. It was also observed that 66.67% farmers demanded the pesticides most frequently in the Kharif season (summer) than in Rabi season (winter) i.e., 33.33% from the pesticide dealers. About 22 dealers explained that there is a high demand of pesticides on cauliflower crop (36.67%) followed by brinjal (25%), tomato (16.67%), bitter gourd (11.66%) and onion (10%). Pesticide dealers further explained that most of the farmers demanded endosulfan (35%) followed by imidaclopride (21.67%), bifenthrin (20%), prefenofos (11.67%), emamectin benzoate (8.33%) and diafenthiuron (3.33%). Five (8.33%) famers brought slips for the pesticide purchase, while 95 (91.67% pesticides were purchased on the recommendation of pesticide dealers. Fifty seven (95%) dealers briefly explained the use of pesticides to the farmer regarding pesticide usage and 34 (56.67%) dealers informed the farmers regarding residual effects of pesticides. The spray of pesticide depended upon many factors such as the price of vegetable in the market, advice from the fellow farmers, pesticide sales representative, etc. 96 (80%) of farmers had their own decision to spray, but 4 (3.33%) farmers have other sources such as Neighbors, Agriculture extension workers, Agriculture Research and Pesticides agents. The time of spray by 49 farmers (40.83%) was in the morning, whereas 71 farmers (59.17%) sprayed in the evening. Only 5 farmers (4.17%) used the protective cloths in winter but in summer they did not use because of high temperature and high moisture and 115 farmers (95.83%) farmers did not use the protective clothes & tools in lower Sindh. They put off shoes deliberately while spraying. For increasing the effect of pesticides, farmers also used the mixed pesticides as suggested to them by different sources such as Agriculture extension department, Pesticides dealer or by their own decision. About 118 (98.33%) farmers had used the mixed pesticides on their crop in which 92 farmers (76.67%) farmers’ source was pesticides dealer. Answers about interval between pesticide application and harvest depended on farmer’s need of vegetables not on the kind of the pesticides. In the second part, in order to reduce the risk of vegetables poisoning due to residues, the study was conducted on farmer’s field to reduce the pesticide residues from vegetables through various traditional processing being practiced at various homes of Sindh province of Pakistan. Five vegetables i.e. onion, cauliflower, bitter gourd, brinjal and tomato were grown on farmers field and were sprayed with different insecticides/pesticides at recommended dosages. Onion was harvested one week after the application of pesticides, while cauliflower, bitter gourd, tomato and brinjal were harvested one day after the spray of pesticides. After harvesting, the samples were packed in polythene bags, labeled and brought to the laboratory of Institute of Food Sciences and Technology for traditional processing such as plain water washing, detergent washing, blanching, salt washing, drying under sun and in cabinet dehydrator and boiling/frying etc. The samples were further processed for extraction, clean up and analyses. The results revealed that some traditional processing methods were mildly effective and others were highly effective. Plain water washing reduced the residues up to 45% whereas, detergent water washing deceased it up to 50%. The blanching treatment of vegetable further removed the pesticide residues up to 60%. The washing was followed by sun drying, drying in cabinet and dehydrator and/or frying which reduced the pesticide residues by more than 80% from all the five vegetables and were found highly effective. The results further suggest that every traditional method played its significant role in reducing the residues depending upon the kind of vegetables and the type and nature of pesticides. Commercially produced samples of all the vegetables taken from Hyderabad market were found contaminated with residues of more than one pesticide and most of the samples contained residues above their respective MRLs. It is therefore, concluded from the study that traditional/house hold processing methods play a significant role in reducing the insecticides/pesticides. However, indiscriminate use of pesticides and lack of good agricultural practices lead to residue problems in vegetables and the consumption of pesticide residue contaminated vegetables may cause severe health haz