Resettlement is one of the core issues of mega development projects, especially in developing countries. Previous experiences have shown that in Pakistan resettlement has remained one of the highest ranked problems. In this regard, the present study was conducted in the Coal area of district Tharparkar. Using the descriptive survey method, a sample of 290 respondents were personally interviewed. Qualitative as well as quantitative data was analyzed and reported. During the survey of the area and study of secondary sources of information revealed that Thar coal field is spread over 9100 square kilometers. However, the major Thar coal area is limited to 1109 square kilometers, which possesses about 30 billion tons of the coal reserves. Efforts have been made to depict the qualitative and quantitative information of this area with especial reference to human, social, physical, natural and financial capital. The Major conclusion of this study revealed that like other parts of Tharparkar district, Thar coal field area is less densely populated. Rain fed agriculture with livestock is a major source of income, contributing 64% of the total household income. The overwhelming majority (89%) of the households reported goats while 55% possessed the cattle. For transportation and digging water, the donkey was major source, as reported by 93% of the household. Poverty, illiteracy, unemployment is basic issues of the dwellers. Hence, it is one of the assumption that due consideration is invited for developing a resettlement plan of the Thor Coal field area. Despite less income opportunities, local dwellers prefer to stay in their ancestral lands due to natural sceneries of Tharparkar and more peaceful area. Relatively higher growth rate of population (3.13 %) in Tharparkar as compared to growth rate (2.8%) of whole Sindh. Population of Non-Muslims, especially Hindus are relatively higher in Thar coal field areas like Tharparkar district in comparison to other parts of the country where the proportion of Non-Muslims is around 3%. After partition (1947) majority of the Non-Muslims population migrated to other countries especially to India. Major reasons are already given above in addition to less religious extremism in the area. It was therefore observed that social and natural capitals were worth mentioning and reported as compared to other capitals viz. Human (low literacy), financial (low income), physical (huts and non- metaled roads). Low literacy rate of the study area (18%) has been documented and reported as compared to 45% of the province as well as of the whole country. Using logistic regression models where a dichotomous variable (whether happy to migrate from Thar coal area to other areas; do not want to migrate= No=0, and people willing to migrate = Yes=1), significant factors were identified. Livestock, religious division and land ownership were significant indicators at 5% level of significance. While monthly income was significant at 10% level of significant. Importantly, division of community on the basis of religion revealed that relatively less proportion of Non-Muslims (Hindu) were not willing to migrate from the Thar coal area. In addition, respondents with low income and the landless were not willing to migrate. The developed model reported R square of 0.621 which revealed that about 62 percent variation in the variable ‘whether willing to migrate was explained by the above mentioned variable. The research demonstrated, Land Acquisition Act (LAA) 1894 has failed to address the critical issues of the displaced people in large development projects in Pakistan. Consequently, displaced people lost their inherit land, homes, livelihoods and social network. The study reveals that there has been a substantial gap between government, affected people and project proponents in the handling of negative impacts of the mega projects which impoverished the displaced people. So it is recommended that revised the resettlement policy (LLA, 1894) and includes rights of Indigenous people to the Thar coal field area in the concept of Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) which provides participation of affected people and authorization on their resources to start any development activity, reflects full information and its proposed impacts on the displaced people of the project vicinity.
ایمان کا ایک بنیادی جز اس بات کا متقاضی ہے کہ نہ صرف اس بات پر یقین کامل ہونا چاہیے کہ حضور اکرمﷺبحیثیت خاتم النبیین اللہ تعالیٰ کے آخری نبی ہیں بلکہ اس کے ساتھ ساتھ آپﷺ کی ذات مبارکہ سے انتہا درجے کا عشق ہونا بھی ضروری ہے اور آپ کی تعلیمات پر عمل پیرا رہنا ہر صاحب ایمان مرد عورت پر فرض ہے۔ بحیثیت مسلمان ہمیں حضور پاک ﷺکی سیرت مبارکہ کے مختلف گوشوں کا مطالعہ کرنے کی ضرورت ہے تا کہ اپنی زندگی میں ان اصولوں کی پیروی کی جائے جو ہمارے لئے اسوہ حسنہ ہیں۔ لین دین کے معاملات سے لے کر حقوق العباد تک، عبادات سے لے کر ایمانیات و روحانیات تک الغرض شعبہ زندگی و عبادات سے متعلق ہر ممکنہ پہلوؤں تک ہماری یہی کوشش رہتی ہے کہ ہم سنت رسولﷺ کی پیروی کریں اور رسول اکرمﷺ کی تمام سنتوں کی مکمل طور پر پیروی کی جائے جو بدعات سے پاک ہوں۔ قرآن کے مطلوب و مقصود کے عین مطابق ہوں اور حضور اکرمﷺ کی اصل تعلیمات و تشریحات پر ہی مبنی ہو۔دین کے ایک طالب علم ہونے کی وجہ سے چونکہ ہم سیرت النبیﷺ کے مطالعہ کی اہمیت سے انکار نہیں کر سکتے۔ چنانچہ ہماری کوشش رہتی ہے کہ ہماری علمی تراث میں سیرت نگاری پر جتنا لیٹریچر مرتب کیا جا چکا ہے اس کا ایک تاریخی جائزہ لیا جائے۔ مصادر سیرت کے ہر ہر جز کی بنیاد کے فہم کو سمجھا جائے اور ایک عجمی ہونے کے ناطے ہمیں جہاں عربی مصادر سیرت نگاری کا مطالعہ کرنا درکار ہو گا وہیں اردو زبان میں شائع شدہ سیرت نگاری کا ایک تفصیلی و تحقیقی (بشمول...
The study was conducted to examine some of the important questions raised by both the religious scholars and the proponents of the Enlightenment movement. The purpose of the study was to interpret enlightenment in Western and Islamic context and to examine the impact of western enlightenment on contemporary Pakistani society in the light of Islamic teachings. The study was quantitative in nature. Survey was conducted to probe into the perceptions of the Pakistani people regarding impact of western enlightenment on various aspects of contemporary Pakistani society. The sample of the study was 1000 people from four provincial headquarters of Pakistan including male and female from urban and rural areas of the provincial capitals. Two research instruments were developed by the researcher based on review of the related literature. First was a questionnaire named WEBI, Western Enlightenment Beliefs Inventory; second was a checklist named WEKAPC, Western Enlightenment Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Checklist. Results showed that most of the respondents were of the view that western enlightenment exerted significant influences on their thinking, lifestyles, and education, culture, media and social practices. Majority of the respondents thought that western enlightenment emphasized on tolerance, cultural harmony, equality, social justice and independent thinking. Gender-wise comparisons indicated that male respondents were more positive towards western enlightenment than the female respondents. It was recommended that Pakistani society needs to be made aware of the philosophy of western enlightenment and Islamic values which are characteristics of western enlightenment movement. There is need to initiate interfaith dialogue to understand socio-cultural dynamics of a Muslim society and a western society.
Avian orthoavulaviruse-1 (AOAV-1) including highly pathogenic strains, pose severe economic
and animal health concerns in developing countries. Live Bird Markets (LBMs) in Asian
countries are considered as hubs for the spread and maintenance of different avian infectious
diseases. In developing countries, poultry trade is characterized by complex chains comprising of
many factors with limited biosecurity. In Pakistan, there is lack of uniformity in practices used in
LBMs, leading to heavy impact in the spread of the disease. A cross-sectional survey was
conducted to identify risk factors associated with AOAV-1 infections and their genetic
characterization in LBMs from eight-towns of Lahore district during 2016-2018. A total of 189
poultry stalls (n=1015 birds) distributed in eight-towns were visited and a pool of 5-6
oropharyngeal swab samples was collected from each stall and tasted by RT-PCR for the Fusion
(F) gene. Ninety-one (91) of 189 swab samples were found positive for AOAV-1s.The overall
prevalence of the AOAV-1in poultry stalls was 48.14% (95% Cl = 41.13-55.24) observed. Data
for eleven potential risk factors acquired through detailed questionnaires were analyzed by
survey-weighted logistic regression and prevalence odds ratios (OR) for associated risk factors
were calculated. A total of 24 AOAV-1 isolates were sequenced to examine the circulating
genotype through complete F-gene. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that all isolates belonged to
sub-genotype VIIi, genotype VII class II. This study provides important information on
epidemiology and control of AOAV-Iin Pakistan and highlights the importance of implementing
surveillances and biosecurity practices in LBMs.