خودشناسی خدا شناسی ہے
اللہ تعالیٰ نے ہر چیز جو پیدا فرمائی ہے اس کی ایک شناخت ہے، سورج کی ا یک شناخت ہے کہ وہ مشرق سے طلوع ہوتا ہے اور مغرب میں غروب ہوتا ہے۔ ستارے رات کو چمک کر شب دیجور کے لیے ضیاکا سامان بہم پہنچاتے ہیں اور مسافرانِ شب کے لیے خضر راہ بنتے ہیں تو یہ ستاروں کی ایک شناخت ہے، فلک بوس پہاڑ اور جبال شامخہ کا ایک طویل سلسلہ بھی اپنی شناخت رکھتا ہے۔ الغرض دنیا و مافیہا ہر چیز اپنی شناخت رکھتی ہے۔ جس کے باعث اس کا وجود قائم ہے۔
انسان کی بھی ایک شناخت ہے کہ وہ حیوان ناطق ہے اور ذوی العقول ہے، اس کی چال ڈھال، اس کی نشست و برخاست، اس کا قیام وقعود، اس کی گفت وشنید اس کو دیگر مخلوقات سے ممتاز کرتی ہے، اور پھر قرآن پاک اس کو اشرف المخلوقات کا لقب عطا فرما کر انسانیت کی معراج پرمتمکن بنادیتا ہے، اس سے بڑھ کر مسلمان جو اسلام کے زیور سے مرصعّ ہے، جس نے دینِ اسلام کا تاج اپنے سر پر سجایا ہوا ہے، جس نے عشق مصطفی صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم کی خلعت ِفاخرہ زیب تن کی ہوئی ہے اس کی بھی ایک شناخت ہے، اور وہ یہ کہ ارشادِ رسالت مآب صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم ہے ’’مسلمان وہ ہے جس کے ہاتھ اور زبان سے دوسرے مسلمان محفوظ رہیں‘‘ یعنی اسلام کے دعویدار تو بے شمار ہیں لیکن دینِ اسلام کے احکام پر عمل پیرا حقیقت میں وہی ہے جو مذکورہ حدیث پاک کے مطابق اپنی شناخت رکھتا ہے۔
کرسی عدالت پر بیٹھ کر فیصلہ سنانے والے منصف کی ایک شناخت ہے۔ شفاخانوں میں موجود مریضوں کے علاج کرنے والا مسیحا کی ایک شناخت ہے، سرحدوں پر مامور محافظ مجاہد کی ایک...
In today’s world mankind seems to be skidding towards chaos and violence. Mankind is divided on the lines of faith, race, sect, colour, cast, language and creed. Odium and intolerance have become the orders of the day. This condition pushes to take the refuge of religion but the religious radicalism, intolerance and discrimination are also in the fold. In this situation Sufi message comes to give shelter for peace, love and humanity. The enlightened Sufi message is not for one nation, race, or community but it is for the whole of humanity. Pakistan has faced terrified situations due to dangerous trends of religious extremism, radicalism and social intolerance. In order to understand this problem, the concept of Sufism has been applied. This has been used as an approach / methodology to evade from hated and violent tendency to reorient Pakistan back on the track to peace and prosperity. Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces of Pakistan have been taken as case study to give the empirical evidence. This study demonstrates that the enlightened message of Sufism has enough potential to bring back peaceful environment.
This study is confined to identify novel non-edible oil seeds as renewable feedstock for eco-friendly biodiesel synthesis. In this project nine novel non-edible oil seeds have been investigated systematically including collection, morphological identification and scanning electron microscopic studies, oil contents estimation, oil extraction, biodiesel synthesis, optimization, characterization and fuel properties analysis in comparison with international biodiesel standard that is GB/T (20828), American (ASTM D-6751, ASTM D-951) and European standards (EN-14214). The non-edible oil seeds used in this study includes Raphanus raphanistrum L., Prunus Cerasoides D. Don., Celastrus paniculatuswilld., Lepidium perfoliatum L., Corylus colurna L., Datura metel auctt. non L. sensu Clarke, Capparis spinose L., Pistacia chinensis ssp. Integerrima (J.L. Stewart) Rech., and Sinapis arvensis L. Nine different catalysts, categories into three groups i.e clay based catalyst (single metal base, clay metal hybrid composites, clay and metal oxide), metal complex and metal organic framework complex, were synthesized using in-situ wet impregnation method and reflux transesterification procedure was used for synthesis of biodiesel. Additionally, reusability study of synthesized catalysts was also done. All the oil seeds have low acid value (> 3% FFA) required for transesterification except Celastrus paniculatus seed oil (2.98 mg / KOH). Therefore, in case of Celastrus paniculatus acid esterification, involving use of sulphuric acid (1% H2SO4) as catalyst was employed to reduce its acid value prior to transesterification. In addition, optimization of different transesterification variables was carried out using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) built on Box-Benken Design. Results showed that maximum biodiesel yield (90.2%) was recorded for Capparis spinosa using Cu-Ni doped ZrO2 catalyst (1: 12 oil to methanol ratio, 2.5% catalyst amount, at 70 oC for 1.5 h) followed by Sinapis arvensis (90%) with Zr-MOF-67 (9: 1 oil to methanol ratio, 1.5% catalyst amount, at 70 oC for 2.5 h) and Celastrus paniculatus (89.42%) using trimetallic (Ce, Cu, La) loaded montmorillonite clay catalyst (1:12 oil to methanol ratio, 3.5% catalyst amount, at 120°C for 3 h). While, the lowest biodiesel yield was observed for Raphanus raphanistrum (83%) with Cu loaded montmorillonite clay catalyst (1:12 oil to methanol ratio, 4% catalyst amount, at 150°C for 5 h). These findings clearly depict that all the synthesized catalysts (Cu-Mmt, Cd-Mn-Mmt, Ce-Cu-La-Mmt, ZrOBT, Ni-BT, Mn-BT, Cu-Ni doped ZrO2, Co-Cr doped ZrO2 and Zr-MOF-67) were novel, active, and reusable during the process of transesterification for efficient conversion of seed oil to higher biodiesel yield. Based on these experimental findings the feedstock used in this project as raw material is novel, economically feasible and should be used for commercial production at mass scale. The study further recommends the mass cultivation of such feasible novel non- edible feedstock at global perspective to produce biodiesel at industrial level.