Pakistan is a country where strong patriarchal values perpetuate the sub-ordinate status of women and debilitate their empowerment. Effective implementation of gender mainstreaming strategy is needed to create the conditions in which women can challenge stereotypical gender roles and utilize their productive potential. The seriousness of the government to promote gender equality and the capacity of women to demand equal opportunities is indicated by the level of gender equity in the environment of public sector organisations and work-conducive behaviour of female public servants. The present study measures both these variables and analyses them in the backdrop of situational factors as well as individual characteristics of female public servants. In doing so, this study attempts to expand the scope of empirical economic literature investigating labor force participation of highly qualified women, which mostly focuses on wage issues and does not give due attention to other important factors namely a gender sensitized work environment and women’s motivation and commitment to work. Findings of study are based on interpretation of descriptive statistics and on results obtained from inferential analysis using Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) and multiple regression techniques. Data was collected by administering a specially designed research instrument through face-to-face interviews with 300 female public servants belonging to administrative, health and higher education sectors. The final research instrument consisted of items constructed to derive the Perception of Work Environment Index (PWEI), the Work Motivation and Commitment Index (WMCI), and questions related to personal and professional profile of respondents. The main findings are as follows: while the work environment may not be openly hostile, female personnel are dissatisfied with arrangements to accommodate their personal and family needs. Unmarried females working on contract are more satisfied with the working conditions than married women on permanent posts. Female personnel are often more comfortable in their professional relationships with male colleagues and bosses, than they are in their relationships with other females in the organization. Although work commitment levels among female public servants, on the whole, are quite satisfactory, there are two points of concern, namely: low levels of work quality consciousness in the public sector and difficulty faced by women in being equally committed to their family and work responsibilities. Age factor has a negative impact on the opinions regarding working conditions of women with more experience if their work motivation declines. There is also evidence suggesting that women who are devoted to their work and profession, sacrifice their leisure to excel at their jobs. Based on the findings of this survey study it is recommended that gender equality policies in public sector organizations should focus on instituting structural changes responding to women’s practical gender needs. Training content must be configured to match the needs of the worker and the organization. Members of selection boards must be sensitized to gender issues in employment to enable them to make gender fair selection of candidates. Public servants must be encouraged to develop confidence in their own ability to transform their organizations into entities which are better equipped to deal with development challenges facing the country.
امینِ حزیں (۱۸۸۲۔۱۹۶۸ء) سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ کا اصل نام خواجہ محمد مسیح پال ہے۔ سکاچ مشن سکول سیالکوٹ میں انہیں مولوی میر حسن جیسے استاد سے اکتسابِ فیض کا موقع ملا۔ مولوی صاحب کی تربیت نے ان کے شعور کو اجاگر کیا۔ ان کی ملازمت کا بیشتر حصہ گلگت میں انڈین پولیٹیکل سروس میں گزرا۔ ۱۹۳۹ء میں خان بہادر کا خطاب پا کر ملازمت سے سبکدوش ہوئے اور اپنے آبائی شہر سیالکوٹ میں سکونت اختیار کی۔ (1) ۱۹۰۲ء میں ان کی پہلی غزل لکھنو کے ’’پیامِ یار‘‘ رسالے میں چھپی اور اس کے بعد شعر و شاعری کا سلسلہ برابر جاری رہا۔ ابتداء میں مولانا ظفر علی خاں اور مولانا جوہر کے رنگ سے متاثر تھے بعد ازاں حضرت علامہ اقبالؒ کو پسند کرنے لگے اور یہ رنگ ایسا بھایا کہ پھر کسی اور کا نقش نہ جم سکا۔ امینِ حزیں کا کلام بر صغیر پاک و ہند کے مختلف ادبی رسائل میں چھپتا رہا جن میں ’’پیامِیار‘‘، ’’مخزن‘‘، ’’ساقی‘‘ اور ’’ہمایوں‘‘ قابلِ ذکر ہیں۔(2) امینِ حزیں کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ ’’گلبانگِ حیات‘‘۱۹۴۰ء میں شائع ہوا۔ دوسرا شعری مجموعہ ’’نوائے سروش‘‘ الفیصل ناشران و تاجران ادارے نے شائع کیا۔ تیسرا مجموعۂ کلام ’’سرودِ سرمدی‘‘ بھی الفیصل ناشران و تاجران ادارے نے شائع کیا۔ امینِ حزیں کی شاعری کے آٹھ مسودے ابھی تک شائع نہیں ہو سکے۔ یہ آٹھوں مسودے ان کے عزیز و اقارب کے پاس موجود ہیں۔ امینِ حزیں کے ہزاروں کی تعداد میں مشاہیر کے نام خطوط بھی محفوظ ہیں۔ اردو ادب کے محققین کے لیےیہ شعری و نثری فن پارے قیمتی سرمایہ ہیں۔ امینِ حزیں ایک مشاق اور قادر الکلام سخن ور تھے۔ انہوں نے تقریباً ہر صنفِ سخن میں طبع آزمائی کی ہے۔ انہیں اردو‘ عربی‘ ہندی ‘ سنسکرت‘ انگریزی‘ پشتو اور دیگر...
Berdasarkan hasil observasi dimana hasil belajar siswa SMK Negeri 1 Gunungsitoli Barat Kota Gunungsitoli Barat masih rendah ditentukan banyak faktor, diantaranya adalah penggunaan media pembelajaran masih kurang efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mendeskripsikan penggunaan media pembelajaran dalam proses pembelajaran; (2) mengetahui korelasi secara signifikan antara penggunaan media pembelajaran dengan hasil belajar siswa, (3) besarnya kontribusi penggunaan media pembelajaran terhadap hasil belajar siswa. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di SMK Negeri 1 Gunungsitoli Barat Kota Gunungsitoli, dengan jumlah sampel 32 orang. Instrumen yang digunakan yaitu: (1) angket model skala Likert yang telah diuji kesahihan dan keandalan. Adapun temuan penelitian ini yaitu: (1) ada korelasi antara penggunaan media pembelajaran dengan hasil belajar siswa; (2) besarnya kontribusi penggunaan media pembelajaran dengan hasil belajar adalah 79%; (3) berdasarkan pengujian hipotesis dimana thitung > ttabel yaitu 3,815 > 1,697, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada hubungan yang signifikan antara penggunaan media pembelajaran dengan hasil belajar siswa.
Models and their automated transformations play a critical role in Model Driven Engineering (MDE). A significant challenge in testing model transformations is the automated generation of input test models. This involves generating meta-model instances that satisfy constraints defined on the meta-model which includes the constraints on metaelements and the multiplicity constraints. The problem becomes more challenging when the goal is to generate test models that cover specific paths of the transformation code - a common task in structural testing. The thesis proposes a novel search-based test model generation approach for structural testing of model transformations. The approach generates test models to achieve the desired structural coverage of the transformation code. The proposed test model generation strategy considers the constraints specified at the meta-model level and the multiplicity cardinalities of relationships between meta-elements to guide the generation of valid instances of the meta-model. The proposed strategy relies on a fitness function that utilizes the approach level and branch distance to generate instances that can cover the target branch of the transformation code. The approach proposes a number of heuristics as branch distance functions that solve model transformation predicates. A tool Model Transformation Testing Environment (Motter) is developed that automates the proposed approach. Motter takes the source and input meta-models as input and generates instances of test model that provide the required code coverage, for example, branch coverage of the model transformation code. The current implementation of the tool supports two widely used transformation languages, Atlas Transformation Language (ATL) and MOFScript. The thesis empirically evaluates the proposed approach on two transformations case studies, which are implemented in ATL and MOFScript. The case study in ATL is the popular benchmark Class2RDBMS model-to-model transformation case study, and the case study in MOFScript is a model-to-text industrial scale Real-Time Embedded Systems Test Simulation (RTES) code generator. For the empirical evaluation, four different widely search heuristics: Genetic Algorithm (GA), (1+1) Evolutionary Strategy/Algorithm (EA), Alternative Variable Method (AVM), and Random Search (RS) are tested in the comparative study. The result of the empirical evaluation shows that the proposed approach is successful in achieving the desired branch coverage for the selected transformation case studies and that the AVM significantly outperforms other algorithms. AVM has shown promising results in studies focusing on constraints solving, however it has not been used before for the generation of test cases to provide structural testing of model transformations. The result achieved by the AVM in the experiments are aligned with its previously reported performance as it successfully generates test cases and outperforms other algorithms in terms of the number of branches it can cover for both the case studies.