The present studies on the biochemical composition and heavy metal analysis in catfish, Rita rita from River Indus near Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan was initiated from January 2015 to December 2017. The biochemical analysis was determined in terms of moisture, protein, lipid, carbohydrate and ash from two groups small and large from 10.1 to 20.0 and 30.1 to 40.0 cm respectively and from three body parts like head, trunk and tail region of male and female of catfish Rita rita during summer and winter. The moisture content of male was noted 88.05, 85.54 and 82.30 and 85.35, 83.10 and 84.62 in head trunk and tail region and in small and large group respectively during winter. In summer the moisture values were 86.75, 84.52 and 83.35and 81.05, 80.70 and 80.20 in head trunk and tail region and in both length group respectively. In case of female the values were 88.40, 82.0 and 81.80 and 85.0, 80.6 and 82.60 and 80.50, 81.0 and 81.0 in head, trunk and tail region and groups respectively in winter and summer. In the present study the protein content in male was noted 5.54, 2.58 and 4.27 and 3.37, 3.1 and 3.65 in head, trunk and tail region in small and large group respectively in winter. The values of protein in summer were 13.3, 9.0 and 8.5 and 11.0, 7.4 and 9.45 in different regions respectively and from both groups. The values in female were 4.89, 2.63 and 2.63 and1.23, 0.28 and 1.28 in three regions and from small and large group respectively during winter. In summer protein values were 12.9, 9.2 and 9.25 and 10.1, 6.7 and 10.60 in head, trunk and tail respectively. Lipid content in male 0.8,0.5 and 0.38 and 0.11,1.13 and 0.38 in head trunk and tail region in small and large group respectively during winter and in summer values 5.05, 4.03 and 2.08 and 7.0, 8.4 and 5.55 in regions from both groups respectively. The female contains 0.6, 0.2 and 4.25 and 1.29, 0.86 and 0.36 in various regions of small and large group respectively. The values of carbohydrate content in both the sexes and in seasons did not show any significant difference at different length groups. It was observed that ash content in male 5.53,13,44 and 12.36 and 10.0, 11.58 and 14.85 in different region small and large group during winter in summer 1.55, 2.8 and 2.5 and 2.4, 3.75 and 2.96 in head trunk and tail region of both groups respectively. The ash content in female was 6.42, 12.16 and 10.5 and 12.26, 17.2 and 14.85 in different regions of both groups in winter during summer1.6, 3.0 and 2.6 and 2.54, 3.95 and 3.0 in different body regions of the groups.Finally it was noted that the head region found to be more nutritious in terms of protein content in both sexes and during summer and winter in comparison to trunk and tail region. For heavy metals analysis of Rita rita in the present study from River Indus near Jamshoro was based upon the determination of iron, zinc, chromium, copper, manganese and cobalt from gills liver and kidney of both the sexes. The iron concentration in male was found highest in liver (12.92 µg/g) followed by kidney (7.77 µg/g) and lowest in gill (3.83 µg/g) in small fish group and similar trend was noted with highest values in liver (3.76 µg/g) followed by kidney (2.04 µg/g) and lowest in gill (1.91 µg/g) in large fish group. In case of female highest amount was from liver (3.16) followed by kidney (2.85 µg/g) and lowest from gill (2.33 µg/g) in small fish group while similar trend was noted in liver (4.44 µg/g) followed by kidney (3.83 µg/g) and lowest in gill (3.73 µg/g) in case of large group. The zinc concentration was found highest in liver (0.83 µg/g) followed by gill (0.49µg/g) and lowest in kidney (0.33 µg/g) in male of small group, similar highest values were found in kidney (2.01µg/g) followed by gill (0.72 µg/g) and lowest in liver (0.55µg/g) in large group. In case of female the highest amount of zinc was obtained from kidney (0.39 µg/g) followed by liver (0.30µg/g) and lowest in gill (0.15 µg/g) in small group the same ratio of concentration of zinc were found in kidney (0.49µg/g) followed by liver (0.42 µg/g) and lowest in gill (0.34 µg/g) in large group. The chromium concentration was found high in gill (1.35µg/g) followed by liver (1.15µg/g) and lowest in kidney (0.13 µg/g) from male in small group in case of large group the highest values were found in liver (0.28 µg/g) followed by kidney (0.28µg/g) and lowest in gill (0.27µg/g). In female the highest amount was found in kidney (0.90 µg/g) followed by liver (0.22µg/g) and lowest in gill (0.04 µg/g) in small group and also similar trend was noted in large group highest in kidney (1.23µg/g) followed by liver (0.32 µg/g) and lowest in gill (0.09µg/g). Copper concentration was found highest in gill (1.35µg/g) followed by liver (1.15µg/g) and lowest in kidney (0.06 µg/g) in male at small group in large group the highest were recorded from liver (0.28 µg/g) followed by kidney (0.28µg/g) and lowest in gill (0.28µg/g). In case offemale the higher amount was noted in kidney (0.33 µg/g) followed by liver (0.18µg/g) and lower amount from gill (0.13 µg/g) in small group in large group the higher values were in kidney (0.41µg/g) followed by gill (0.28 µg/g) and lower in liver (0.20µg/g). The manganese concentration was found highest in gill (0.35µg/g) followed by liver (0.16µg/g) and lowest in kidney (0.05 µg/g) in male of small group and similar trend was noted in large group (0.39 µg/g), (0.06µg/g) and (0.02µg/g) in gill, liver and kidney respectively. In case of female highest amount of manganese was recorded in gill (0.20µg/g) followed by kidney (0.10µg/g) and lowest in liver (0.05µg/g) in small group and similar trend was noted in large group highest values were found (0.30µg/g), (0.12µg/g) and (0.07µg/g) in gill, liver and kidney respectively. The cobalt concentration was found minimum quantity in all organs of male and female and small and large group of R. rita in present study. It was observed that the liver was found with high values of heavy metal concentration at small and large group of both sexes as compared to kidney and gill. The determination of heavy metal concentration from River Indus did not show any significant variation during summer winter, the values of metals concentration was found to be within the suitable ranges as recommended by WHO (2010). Finally it was concluded that the head region of experimental fish R. rita from River Indus near Jamshoro found to be nutritionally rich in term of protein content as compared to trunk and tail region. The liver was found to be more affected then that of kidney and gill in present study but the values of heavy metals concentration obtained from River Indus during the present course of investigation was found to be in permissible limits.
سخنانِ چند عصرِ حاضرمیں محبت کی ندرت اور مشاہدے کی گہرائی کے ساتھ اپنے خارج و باطن میں جھانک کر اور حرف ومعانی سے اپنے والہانہ لگائو سے فن شعر سے وابستگی رکھنے کی روایت کس مقام پہ ہے اس کو نقدو نظر کی دنیا کے امام ہی بہتر جانتے ہیں لیکن اس گئے گزرے دور اور عہد ناپُرساں میں قلم و قرطاس سے اپنا رشتہ مضبوطی سے قائم رکھنے والوں میں جو اہلِ قلم میں اپنے ہونے کا یقین کامل دلاتے ہیں ان میں تائب نظامی کا نام اپنی منفرد شناخت رکھتا ہے۔ ان کے اشعار میں ہمارے تہذیبی معاشرتی اورفکری رویوں کی بازگشت بڑی نمایاں ملتی ہے۔ گردوپیش کی زندگی اور اس کا منظرنامہ ان کے ہاں ایک فکری رنگ میں یوں سامنے آتا ہے کہ ہم خود شاعر کے فی بطنہہٖ موجود احساسات کے ساتھ خود کو ہم آمیز پاتے ہیں۔ فنی وفکری التزامات ہوں یا سہلِ ممتنع کے انداز میں شعرگوئی تائب نظامی اس کائنات میں اپنی ریاضت فن کے جوہر دکھلاتے نظرآتے ہیں انسانوں کی زندگی پر انسانوں ہی کے ستم ، بے رُخی اور اجارہ داریوں کے زخموں کا بیاں ہو، محبتوں کی ناسپاسی اور بے قدری کا ذکر ہو یا معاشرتی رویوں کے ہاتھوں انسانوں کے آنسوئوں کا تذکرہ ہو، یہ سب ان کی شاعری کا حسن بیاں ہے۔ سیاست کے مکروہ جہاں کے اندھیروں میں لوٹ کھسوٹ کا عالم ہو یا گئے زمانوں کی محبتوں کے مزار پہ اپنے اشکوں کا نذرانہ عقیدت ہو تائب نظامی کے ہاں ایک سلجھی ہوئی علمی روایت کے دیپ روشن نظر آتے ہیں۔ ان کے ’’صبحِ قفس ‘‘ میں حمد و نعت کے پھول ہوں یا منقبت اہلِ بیت و صحابہ کرامؓ کے روشن دیپ ہوں ان کی ارادت و عقیدت ’’قربان جائیے‘‘ کا رُوپ لیے اپنا اظہار کرتی ہے۔ اُن کی غزل...
There are two main sources of Islam, one is the Book of Allah and the other is the Sunnah and Sira of the Prophet (peace be upon him). The Qur'an is the final collection of 23 years of divine revelation revealed to the Holy Prophet (PBUH) whose literal and spiritual preservation was undertaken by Allah Almighty Himself. Therefore, the Qur'an is the only book in the world which has one letter, one action and one line in its original state just as it was revealed to the pure heart of the Holy Prophet (sws) and the Holy Prophet (sws). The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) told the Sahaabah. That is why the greatest truth of Islam, the book is the living Qur'an. The second major basis of the reality of Islam is the pure Sira and Sunnah of the Prophet of Humanity, the Servant of the Universe. Like the Qur'an al-Hakim, every moment, every day and every angle of the life of the author of the Qur'an is in front of everyone like an open book with all its mysteries. Even in front of one's own and in front of others. A da’if hadith is a hadith which does not fulfil the conditions of the sahih or hassan hadith.
Ruling: There is a difference of opinion between the ‘ulema on the ruling on acting upon weak hadiths. The reliable opinion is that weak hadiths can be acted upon for virtuous supererogatory deeds (fada’il al a’mal), for religious exhortation, and stories, and similar things that are not connected to legal rulings and tenants of belief.
Keywords: Hadith, Hadith e Da’eef, Derivation of Ahkaam, Jurists, Different opinions.
Chilling stress severely reduces the productivity of tomato as it is a cold sensitive plant. CBF3/DREB1A plays a key role in generating cold tolerance in tomato by regulating the response of multiple genes under chilling stress. In this study, cold tolerant gene (DREB1A) driven by Lip9 promoter, was transformed in three tomato genotypes (Rio Grande, Moneymaker and Roma) through Agrobacterium tumefaciens, employing tissue culture dependent and tissue culture independent transformation strategies. For tissue culture dependent transformation strategy, the effects of various PGRs (IAA, NAA, ZEA, Kin, BAP and GA3) and two ethylene inhibitors (AgNO3 and CoCl2) were investigated on callus induction and in vitro shoot regeneration. The maximum callus induction frequency (67.48%) was recorded on MS basal media enriched with 2.0 mg/l IAA, 2.5 mg/l BAP in cv. Rio Grande followed by Roma (62%) and Moneymaker (58.23%). Supplementation of AgNO3 (10-15 mg/l) in MS basal media along with PGRs (2.0 mg/l IAA, 2.5 mg/l BAP) significantly yielded the highest callus induction frequency (91.83%) in cv. Rio Grande, followed by Moneymaker (82.66%) and Roma (88.33%). Similarly, in vitro shoot regeneration frequency on MS media fortified with 0.1 mg/l IAA, 1.0 mg/l ZEA and 2.0 mg/l BAP significantly enhanced with the addition of 8-10 mg/l AgNO3 in all the cultivars i.e. in cv. Rio Grande (96.65%) followed by Roma (92.66%) and Moneymaker (90%). Likewise, the highest callogenesis (75.65%) was recorded in cv. Rio Grande on callus induction medium (CIM) supplemented with CoCl2 (5.5 mg/l), IAA (2.0 mg/l) and BAP (2.5 mg/l) followed by cv. Roma whose best callus induction (73.66%) was obtained on CIM supplemented with CoCl2 (4.5 mg/l), IAA (1.0 mg/l) and BAP (2.5 mg/l). In case of cv. Moneymaker the best callogenesis (68%) was secured on CIM having CoCl2 (3.5 mg/l), NAA (2.0 mg/l) and BAP (2.0 mg/l). The xiv highest in vitro shoot regeneration (85%, 81% and 78%) was recorded in Rio Grande, Moneymaker and Roma, respectively on shoot induction media supplemented with CoCl2 (4.25 – 5.0 mg/l). During this study, various concentrations of sucrose and sorbitol were scrutinized on in vitro shoot culture. The highest in vitro shoot regeneration frequency (100, 97.69 and 99%) was recorded in Rio Grande, Moneymaker and Roma with accumulative effect of sucrose and sorbitol (30: 30 g/l). Subsequently, transformation experiments were conducted by optimizing various factors both for tissue culture based and in planta techniques. For tissue culture based method of transformation; fifteen days old in vitro seedlings, forty-eight hours pre-culture period, bacterial density (OD600 nm = 0.2), three minutes infection period, 60 μM acetosyringone, forty-eight hours co-cultivation period, pH 5.6 of co-cultivation media, six days pre-selection duration, cefotaxime (500 mg/l) and hygromycin (35 mg/l) as lethal dose were found optimum. For in planta technique of transformation, various factors such as growing medium; soil: vermiculite (1: 1), optical density (OD600 nm = 1.0) and incubation period (20 min) were found optimum for efficient transformation efficiency. Polymerase chain reaction, Multiplex polymerase chain reaction, Southern blotting and Reverse transcriptase PCR confirmed the presence, integration and expression of DREB1A in T0 - T2 transgenic lines. Physiological and biochemical analyses of T2 transgenic plants depicted that after various chilling stresses; stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, CO2 concentration rate, photosynthetic rate, relative water contents, proline contents, total soluble sugar contents, chlorophyll contents, carotenoid contents and ascorbic acid contents of transgenic lines were significantly higher than those of NT plants. These findings clearly indicate that transgenic tomato plants over-expressing Arabidopsis CBF3 gene enhanced protection and provided cold tolerance under controlled conditions in transgenic containment.