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Home > Studies on the Biochemical Composition and Heavy Metal Analysis in Catfish Rita Rita Hamilton from River Indus, Near Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan

Studies on the Biochemical Composition and Heavy Metal Analysis in Catfish Rita Rita Hamilton from River Indus, Near Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan

Thesis Info

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Author

Khan, Pervaiz

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Sindh

City

Jamshoro

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Aquaculture

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12769/1/Pervaiz%20Khan_Aquaculture%20and%20Fisheries_2018_UoSindh_PRR.docx

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725052628

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The present studies on the biochemical composition and heavy metal analysis in catfish, Rita rita from River Indus near Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan was initiated from January 2015 to December 2017. The biochemical analysis was determined in terms of moisture, protein, lipid, carbohydrate and ash from two groups small and large from 10.1 to 20.0 and 30.1 to 40.0 cm respectively and from three body parts like head, trunk and tail region of male and female of catfish Rita rita during summer and winter. The moisture content of male was noted 88.05, 85.54 and 82.30 and 85.35, 83.10 and 84.62 in head trunk and tail region and in small and large group respectively during winter. In summer the moisture values were 86.75, 84.52 and 83.35and 81.05, 80.70 and 80.20 in head trunk and tail region and in both length group respectively. In case of female the values were 88.40, 82.0 and 81.80 and 85.0, 80.6 and 82.60 and 80.50, 81.0 and 81.0 in head, trunk and tail region and groups respectively in winter and summer. In the present study the protein content in male was noted 5.54, 2.58 and 4.27 and 3.37, 3.1 and 3.65 in head, trunk and tail region in small and large group respectively in winter. The values of protein in summer were 13.3, 9.0 and 8.5 and 11.0, 7.4 and 9.45 in different regions respectively and from both groups. The values in female were 4.89, 2.63 and 2.63 and1.23, 0.28 and 1.28 in three regions and from small and large group respectively during winter. In summer protein values were 12.9, 9.2 and 9.25 and 10.1, 6.7 and 10.60 in head, trunk and tail respectively. Lipid content in male 0.8,0.5 and 0.38 and 0.11,1.13 and 0.38 in head trunk and tail region in small and large group respectively during winter and in summer values 5.05, 4.03 and 2.08 and 7.0, 8.4 and 5.55 in regions from both groups respectively. The female contains 0.6, 0.2 and 4.25 and 1.29, 0.86 and 0.36 in various regions of small and large group respectively. The values of carbohydrate content in both the sexes and in seasons did not show any significant difference at different length groups. It was observed that ash content in male 5.53,13,44 and 12.36 and 10.0, 11.58 and 14.85 in different region small and large group during winter in summer 1.55, 2.8 and 2.5 and 2.4, 3.75 and 2.96 in head trunk and tail region of both groups respectively. The ash content in female was 6.42, 12.16 and 10.5 and 12.26, 17.2 and 14.85 in different regions of both groups in winter during summer1.6, 3.0 and 2.6 and 2.54, 3.95 and 3.0 in different body regions of the groups.Finally it was noted that the head region found to be more nutritious in terms of protein content in both sexes and during summer and winter in comparison to trunk and tail region. For heavy metals analysis of Rita rita in the present study from River Indus near Jamshoro was based upon the determination of iron, zinc, chromium, copper, manganese and cobalt from gills liver and kidney of both the sexes. The iron concentration in male was found highest in liver (12.92 µg/g) followed by kidney (7.77 µg/g) and lowest in gill (3.83 µg/g) in small fish group and similar trend was noted with highest values in liver (3.76 µg/g) followed by kidney (2.04 µg/g) and lowest in gill (1.91 µg/g) in large fish group. In case of female highest amount was from liver (3.16) followed by kidney (2.85 µg/g) and lowest from gill (2.33 µg/g) in small fish group while similar trend was noted in liver (4.44 µg/g) followed by kidney (3.83 µg/g) and lowest in gill (3.73 µg/g) in case of large group. The zinc concentration was found highest in liver (0.83 µg/g) followed by gill (0.49µg/g) and lowest in kidney (0.33 µg/g) in male of small group, similar highest values were found in kidney (2.01µg/g) followed by gill (0.72 µg/g) and lowest in liver (0.55µg/g) in large group. In case of female the highest amount of zinc was obtained from kidney (0.39 µg/g) followed by liver (0.30µg/g) and lowest in gill (0.15 µg/g) in small group the same ratio of concentration of zinc were found in kidney (0.49µg/g) followed by liver (0.42 µg/g) and lowest in gill (0.34 µg/g) in large group. The chromium concentration was found high in gill (1.35µg/g) followed by liver (1.15µg/g) and lowest in kidney (0.13 µg/g) from male in small group in case of large group the highest values were found in liver (0.28 µg/g) followed by kidney (0.28µg/g) and lowest in gill (0.27µg/g). In female the highest amount was found in kidney (0.90 µg/g) followed by liver (0.22µg/g) and lowest in gill (0.04 µg/g) in small group and also similar trend was noted in large group highest in kidney (1.23µg/g) followed by liver (0.32 µg/g) and lowest in gill (0.09µg/g). Copper concentration was found highest in gill (1.35µg/g) followed by liver (1.15µg/g) and lowest in kidney (0.06 µg/g) in male at small group in large group the highest were recorded from liver (0.28 µg/g) followed by kidney (0.28µg/g) and lowest in gill (0.28µg/g). In case offemale the higher amount was noted in kidney (0.33 µg/g) followed by liver (0.18µg/g) and lower amount from gill (0.13 µg/g) in small group in large group the higher values were in kidney (0.41µg/g) followed by gill (0.28 µg/g) and lower in liver (0.20µg/g). The manganese concentration was found highest in gill (0.35µg/g) followed by liver (0.16µg/g) and lowest in kidney (0.05 µg/g) in male of small group and similar trend was noted in large group (0.39 µg/g), (0.06µg/g) and (0.02µg/g) in gill, liver and kidney respectively. In case of female highest amount of manganese was recorded in gill (0.20µg/g) followed by kidney (0.10µg/g) and lowest in liver (0.05µg/g) in small group and similar trend was noted in large group highest values were found (0.30µg/g), (0.12µg/g) and (0.07µg/g) in gill, liver and kidney respectively. The cobalt concentration was found minimum quantity in all organs of male and female and small and large group of R. rita in present study. It was observed that the liver was found with high values of heavy metal concentration at small and large group of both sexes as compared to kidney and gill. The determination of heavy metal concentration from River Indus did not show any significant variation during summer winter, the values of metals concentration was found to be within the suitable ranges as recommended by WHO (2010). Finally it was concluded that the head region of experimental fish R. rita from River Indus near Jamshoro found to be nutritionally rich in term of protein content as compared to trunk and tail region. The liver was found to be more affected then that of kidney and gill in present study but the values of heavy metals concentration obtained from River Indus during the present course of investigation was found to be in permissible limits.
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عبدارزاق جھرنا

عبدالرزاق جھرنا

پیپلز پارٹی کا یہ جیالہ 1957ء کو بھکر میں پیدا ہو ا۔وہ فلموں کا شوقین تھا اور ایکٹر گلوکار بننا چاہتا تھا 1977میں بارہویں کلاس کا طالب علم تھا ۔روزگار کی تلاش میں مشرق وسطی جا نا چاہتا تھا ۔ دبئی جانے کے لیے اس کے کاغذات مکمل تھے ۔اسی دوران ان کی ملاقات راشد ناگی سے ہو ئی ۔ 1978ء میں ضیاء آمریت کی طرف راشد ناگی کے کہنے پر خود کو آگ لگا دی ۔تاہم لوگوں نے اسے بچالیا۔ناگی نے اسے ہسپتال سے اٹھا کر جیل پہنچا دیا ۔جہاں اس کا آدھا بدن جل چکا تھا ۔ 1983ء میں ظہور الہی قتل کیس میں 26سال کی عمر میں پھانسی ہو گئی ۔جب اسے پھانسی دینے کے لیے لے جا یا جا رہا تھا تو ایک ٹانگ پر رقص کرتے ہوئے بھٹو کے نعرے لگا تا پھانسی گھاٹ پر پہنچا ۔

جے کر یاردے ناں دا ملے طعنہ

جھولی پا لیے تھلے سٹیے ناں

جے کر یار دے ناں دی ملے سولی

جھوٹا لے لیے پچھاں ہٹیے ناں

 

Role and Function of Eethylene Response Factor in Different Plants under Multiple Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

These stresses effect crop production and quality, thus result is in economic lose and food insecurity. Many factors play vital role in regulating growth of plants along with developmental pathways during biotic and abiotic stresses. Transcription factors are proteins that control physiological, developmental and stress responses in plants. Ethylene response factors belong to the biggest family of transcription factors, known to participate in various stress tolerance like drought, heat, salt and cold. They are significant regulators of plant gene expression. The objective of this review is to present how ethylene response factor family proteins became the focus of stress tolerance as well as the development and growth of plants.

Morphological and Molecular Characterization, Genotype by Location Interactions and Yield Analysis in Sugarcane Saccharum Officinarum L.

This study reports field and laboratory experiments comprising morphological and molecular characterization, genotype x environment interactions and yield analysis of top vs. bottom segments, in 16 sugarcane genotypes using morphological attributes and molecular techniques. These experiments were carried out during 2010-11 and 2011-12. Morphological characterization was undertaken at Sugar Crops Research Institute (SCRI), Mardan-Pakistan while molecular characterization was carried out at Plant Genetic Resource Program (PGRP), National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Islamabad-Pakistan and Biotechnological Laboratory of the Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA. The genotype by location interaction trials were planted at two different locations of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The study of top vs. bottom segments performance was conducted on farmer’s field at Dargai (Malakand). All these experiments were conducted in triplicate RCB, Design with plot area of 67m2 (10m x 6.7m). The cluster analysis based on 20 morphological attributes divided 16 sugarcane genotypes into four different clusters by UPGMA method at Euclidean distance of 4.99. Pair wise Euclidean distance ranged from 2.30 to 7.43. The highest Euclidean distance was recorded between genotypes Hoth127 and MS91CP238 while the lowest was recorded between genotypes S96SP1215 and MS99HO93. The cluster-I comprised four genotypes. Common traits in cluster-I genotypes were medium cane height and leaf shape and no streaks and pubescence. The cluster- II had only one sugarcane genotype with attributes intermediate among other clusters. Cluster-III was composed of seven genotypes and having attributes intermediate among other clusters. Cluster-IV had four genotypes which commonly possessed small legule size and light red dewlap color. It was concluded that morphological traits evaluated in this study could be used for varietal identification and selection of desirable genotypes in sugarcane. Forty six microsatellite (SSR) markers were utilized to detect genetic diversity on molecular basis among 16 genotypes of sugarcane. The results showed considerable level of genetic diversity among the material used. Out of the 164 loci, 71.34% were polymorphic while 28.66% were monomorphic with an average of 3.57 alleles per locus of SSR. Of these 46 primers, only 13 (28.26%) produced polymorphic bands, 10 (21.74%) produced monomorphic and 23 (50%) produced both polymorphic and monomophic. The highest number of bands (10) were generated by two SSR primers (SCM16 and UGSM574) while 11 primers (SMC336BS, MCSA053C10, SOMS118, SMC1751CL, mSSCIR3, SMC7CUQ, SMC1604SA, SMC851MS, SOMS156, UGSM154 and UGSM312) produced one band. The PIC value of the polymorphic loci in 16 sugarcane genotypes ranged from 0.009 to 0.947 with an average of 0.490 per locus. The average number of alleles per locus were 3.57, whereas the average number of alleles per polymorphic locus were 3.30. The dendrogram grouped the 16 promising sugarcane genotypes vii into four main clusters. The cluster-I comprised two genotypes whereas cluster-II possessed five genotypes. The genotype MS92CP979 was separately grouped into cluster-III. The cluster-IV consisted of eight genotypes. The similarity matrix showed pair wise genetic similarity range from 71% to 93%. The highest genetic similarity (93%) was detected between genotypes MS99HO391 and S97CP288 whereas the lowest genetic similarity of 71% was detected between MS94CP15 and CP89831. In both (morphological and molecular) characterization study, cluster analysis classified 16 sugarcane genotypes into four main groups at Euclidean distance of 4.99 and 82.50% coefficient of similarity, respectively. The comparison of both types dendrogram illustrated that some genotypes were grouped into same cluster while the rest into different. In both studies genotype MS91CP272 was categorized into cluster-I while genotype MS99HO391 was into cluster-II. Similarly, genotypes MS99HO388, CP77400, Hoth127 and MS99HO388 were grouped into cluster-IV in both dendrograms. Both morphological and molecular markers were highly effective in assessment of genetic diversity and genotype identification in sugarcane. Combined analysis of variance was used to identify the presence of genotype x location interactions from replicated multi-environment trials. The data on nine quantitative and four qualitative parameters revealed highly significant variations among the genotypes for germination %, tillers, plant height, nodes plant-1, internode length and cane yield at 1% probability level. It was observed that none of the genotypes could show superiority with respect to all attributes. However, the mean performance over locations and years indicated that the check genotype Mardan93 remained superior by showing maximum buds germination of 42.26%. The maximum number of tillers (259.17), plant height (189.41cm), nodes plant-1 (22.23), internode length (16.97cm), cane diameter (23.29mm), cane yield (68.42 t ha-1), millable canes (87.83), c.brix (20.07%), pol (17.06%), purity (86.20%), sugar recovery (10.57%) and sugar yield (7.07 t ha-1) was recorded for genotypes MS91CP238, MS99HO391, Hoth127, MS94CP15, S97CP288, MS99HO317, MS92CP979, MS91CP272, MS99HO93, MS99HO93, MS99HO93 and MS99HO317, respectively against check genotypes. It was concluded that genotypes MS99HO317, MS99HO93, MS92CP979 and MS91CP238 were superior at SCRI, Mardan on the basis of tillering ability, milliable canes, cane yield, sugar recovery and sugar yield. At test location-II, the cultivars MS91CP272, MS99HO391, MS94CP15 and MS99HO391 were superior on the basis of tillers, milliable canes, sugar recovery and sugar yield compared to other genotypes. On the basis of combined over years and locations performance, genotypes MS99HO317, MS91CP238, MS92CP979 and CP89831 performed best for germination %, tillers, number of millable canes, cane yield, sugar yield and sugar recovery. Combined ANOVA over years and segments revealed significant differences among sugarcane genotypes for germination %, tillers, plant height, nodes plant-1, internode length, cane yield, millable canes and sugar yield. Highly significant differences were observed for segment x genotype interactions in cane yield and sugar yield and showed significant (p≤0.05) differences for millable canes only. Mean results showed that highest germination (65.92% and 47.58%) and tillers (164.95 and 137.00) in top and bottom segments, respectively were exhibited by genotype MS91CP238 against the check genotypes. Maximum plant height (233.64 and 234.17cm) in top and bottom segments was recorded for genotypes Hoth127 and MS94CP15, respectively. Maximum nodes plant-1 (20.22, 17.78) in top and bottom segments were recorded for genotypes Hoth127 and MS99HO388, respectively. Maximum internode length (16.45 and 17.04cm) in top and bottom segments was recorded for genotypes MS92CP979 and MS94CP15, respectively. Maximum cane diameter (23.55 and 23.00 mm) in top and bottom segments was recorded for genotypes S96SP1215 and MS99HO388. The highest cane yield (59.72 and 64.10 t ha-1) and milliable canes (127.26 and 95.81) in top and bottom segments were recorded for genotypes MS99HO388 and MS91CP238, respectively. The highest c. brix (19.35 and 21.12%) and pol viii (18.10 and 16.85%) in top and bottom segments were recorded for genotypes MS99HO93 and CP89831, respectively. The highest purity (94.32 and 85.55 %) in top and bottom segments was recorded for genotype MS91CP238 and MS94CP15, respectively. The maximum sugar recovery (12.23 and 10.49%) in top and bottom segments was recorded for genotypes MS99HO93 and S97CP288, respectively. The highest sugar yield (7.05 and 5.96 t ha-1) in top and bottom segments was recorded for genotypes MS99HO388 and MS91CP238, respectively. On the basis of overall combined over years performance, it was concluded that genotypes MS99HO388, Hoth127, S96SP1215, MS91CP238 and MS99HO388 showed better performance in top segments regarding germination, tillers, plant height, nodes plant-1, cane diameter, cane yield, millable canes, c.brix, pol, purity, sugar recovery and sugar yield. Genotypes MS94CP15, MS99HO388, MS91CP238 and CP89831 displayed better performance in bottom segments regarding germination, tillers, plant height, nodes plant-1, internode length, cane diameter, cane yield, millable canes, c.brix, purity, sugar recovery and sugar yield. There were some genotypes MS91CP238, MS99HO388, MS94CP15 and Hoth127 that proved to be superior in both top and bottom segments regarding parameters germination, tillers, plant height, nodes plant-1, internode length, cane diameter, cane yield, millable canes, c.brix, purity, sugar recovery and sugar yield. Overall this study revealed that both morphological and molecular characterization are useful techniques for detection of diversity and best genotype/varietal identification and selection. The genotype x environment interactions and top vs. bottom segments performance highlighted the best genotypes on the basis of yield and growth parameters. These genotypes could be used in future sugarcane breeding programs to develop high yielding sugarcane varieties." xml:lang="en_US