Research on Akhlaq Development: The Standard Character and its Development in Muslim Living

Knowledge without its moral disposition is of no benefit. The virtues of knowledge without hidāyat are useless and vice versa. Man is advised to control his behavior as he will be questioned for his deeds. Faith is not a matter of words but of accepting Allah’s will and striving in his cause. Every soul shall have a taste of death and on the Day of Judgment will be paid full recompense for his deeds. The one who is admitted to heaven would attain the object of life. This object is achieved by moral character. It shapes an individual in a way conducive to the unfettered growth of good, virtue and truth in every sphere of life. It gives full play to the forces of going in all directions. Also it removes all impediments in the path of virtue. It eradicates evils from social plan by prohibiting the causes of its appearance and growth, by closing the inlets through which it creeps into a society. It saves from all sorts of human weaknesses and counsels of pseudo-wisdom, self respect that keeps breaking-in and resists all evils. This is attained by exercising highest patience and self restraint. It signifies the entire scheme of life and not any isolated part or parts thereof. Akhlāq develops an attitude in a person by which every moral valuation, every decision as to the practical course for whatever the individual would prefer in his life to take for ultimate success.

Allelopathic Effects of Crops Sorghum, Sunflower and Brassica on Weeds, Productivity and Rhizosphere of Mung Bean Vigna Radiata L.

The present research work was conducted to evaluate the effect of allelopathic crops like sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and brassica (Brassica compestris L.) on weeds, productivity and rhizosphere of mung bean during 2014 and 2015. Laboratory trials were conducted in Plant and Microbial Ecology Lab, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Three sets of field experiments were conducted and repeated at Student Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. In all three field experiments, crop water extracts (10 and 20 L ha-1) were foliar applied at 15 DAS and residues incorporation (4 and 6 tons ha-1) was done before sowing. Among all the treatments residue incorporation at 6 tons ha-1 showed the highest suppression of weed density, fresh and dry weight (sorghum; 62, 67, 65%, sunflower; 57, 66, 61% and brassica; 52, 61, 56% respectively). In case of soil properties significant improvement was observed by the application of crop residues at 6 tons ha-1 as compared with control. In all three field experiments maximum mung bean seed yield was improved (37%, 36% and 33%) by the application of sorghum, sunflower and brassica crop residues, respectively at 6 tons ha-1 as compared with control. Sorghum, sunflower and brassica residues incorporation at 6 tons ha-1 had higher net benefits (306, 339 and 347 $ ha-1, respectively) followed by 4 tons ha-1 during both years. In the fourth experiment the bacterial strains 4-17HM, C-14HM, C-17HM and 10-10M isolated from rhizosphere soil of mung bean which was amended by allelopathic crop water extracts and residues, showed the highest resistance against synthetic allelochemicals and allelopathic crop water extracts and the maximum nitrogen fixing, zinc and phosphate solubilization activity. So, the whole study was concluded that the residues incorporation of different allelopathic crops (sorghum, sunflower and brassica) was more effective than their water extracts application in weed suppression, improvement in soil health and productivity of mung bean. Application of crop residues at 6 tons ha-1 was the most effective and economical treatment with highest net benefit and marginal rate of returns. Due to their resistance and active role of bacterial strains in the rhizosphere, as nitrogen fixer, zinc and phosphate solubilizer, they could be applied with the allelopathic crop water extracts and residues to manage weeds and improve soil health.