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Synthesis and Application of Mesoporous Silica Based Particles for Dechlorination of Trichloroehylene

Thesis Info

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Author

Urooj, Afshan

Program

PhD

Institute

Fatima Jinnah Women University

City

Rawalpindi

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Environmental Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10313/1/PhD%20thesis%20Afshan%20Urooj_12.07.2017_Email%20Received%20from%20CoE.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725063866

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Chlorinated organic compounds are released to the environment as a result of production, use and inefficient handling of these compounds. Such compounds are highly stable, toxic toward living organisms including humans and causes cancer and other disorders. Trichloroethylene (TCE), a representative of chlorinated organic compounds is largely used in various industries and its release impacts adversely on environment. To control its damaging effects, removal and decomposition of TCE is highly desirable. The current study is focused on synthesis of novel Iron loaded spherical mesoporous silica particles (SMSPs) and its application as adsorbent for dechlorination of TCE. The silica was synthesized using modified Stöber’s method at varying temperatures (20-70 °C) to study its effect on the size and porosity of the synthesized particles. Loading of iron into silica follows two routes to carry out pre and post modification of mesoporous silica particles through sol gel and reduction process. During the synthesis, ratio of silica to Iron is varied from 1:10 to 1:5 to study its impact on loaded iron and porosity of the Iron loaded spherical mesoporous silica particles (Fe-SMSPs). The synthesized particles were characterized using a range of techniques including fourier transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), raman spectroscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), dcanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and BET surface area measurement. The results show that synthesized SMSPs have mean diameter of 627±140 nm at room temperature and decreases to 408±156 nm at 60 °C. SMSPs also exhibited high BET surface area (627 m2/g) that determines its high efficiency for uptake of iron into the mesoporous structure. However, loss of spherical structure is also witnessed on increasing silica to iron ratio (1:3) during synthesis. Series of batch experiments were carried out to test dechlorination efficiency of the synthesized Fe-SMSPs against TCE. HPLC data indicated rapid decrease and removal of 25 ppm TCE in two hours at room temperature. Mass spectrometry revealed formation of hydrocarbons as dechlorination products. The present research concludes that the synthesized Fe-SMSPs have a promising potential to be used for dechlorination of TCE contaminated water. This has special preference for underground water treatment. Future prospects determine applicability of these materials for dechlorination of other chlorinated organic compounds than TCE.
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منقبت حضرت علیؓ

منقبت درِ شانِ حضرت علی کرم اللہ وجہٗ

مخزنِ صدق و صفا مولا علیؓ
پیکرِ شرم و حیا مولا علیؓ

منبعِ جود و سخا مولا علیؓ
مرکز مہر و وفا مولا علیؓ

بے نوائوں کی نوا مولا علیؓ
بے ردائوں کی ردا مولا علیؓ

میری ہر تسکین کا باعث ہیں وہ
میرے ہر دُکھ کی دوا مولا علیؓ

میرے سر پہ سایۂ حسنین ہے
میں ترے در کا گدا، مولا علیؓ

مجھ سے تائب مشکلیں رہتی ہیں دور
میرے ہیں مشکل کشا مولا علیؓ

SCHOOL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT COMPETENCIES FOR IMPROVED ADMINISTRATIVE EFFECTIVENESS IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN RIVERS STATE NIGERIA

The study investigated school business competencies for improved administrative effectiveness in Public Secondary School in Rivers State. Three research questions and two null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The population of the study was 286 principals in all the public secondary schools in Rivers State. A sample of 166 through a stratified random technique was determined using the Taro Yamane formula. The instrument of the study was a self design instrument captioned “School Business Management Competencies Questionnaire (SBMCQ) and Principal Administrative Effectiveness (PAE) with the reliability coefficients of 0.77 and 0.84 respectively which was determined through the Cronbach alpha statistics. Mean scores and standard deviation was used to answer the research questions while Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was sued to test the hypothesis. It was discovered that the highest kind of business available in the public school is related to cafeteria / canteen services and that also to a high extent, resourcefulness as a business management competency improves administrative effectiveness in public secondary schools in Rivers State. It concluded that for the school administrators to manage the school business effective (administrative effectiveness), they must possess the core competence of resourcefulness, conceptual thinking and administrative organisation. It was recommended among others that the principal should have a comprehensive understanding of the school complex nature and also think critically at both abstract and concrete level to harmonize a rather multifaceted business challenges in the school and proffer realistic solutions.

Fabrication and Characterization of Metal Halide Perovskite Based High Efficiency Solar Cells

Silicon is still the dominant photovoltaic technology with over 90% share in the solar cell market. Prices of silicon solar cells have drastically reduced in the past few years which has led to its widespread adoption, but manufacturing of these cells requires huge capital and running cost and the processes involved are extremely time and energy intensive.For solar cells to become ubiquitous their cost needs to be significantly lowered. This can be done through new approaches which involve cheap materials and easy processing. Perovskite and dye sensitized solar cells have emerged as cost effective alternatives to the silicon solar cells due to their simple and easy processing and inexpensive constituents. Although perovskite solar cells have demonstrated a lab scale power conversion efficiency of over 22% but their ambient air synthesis and long-term stability against moisture and water remains a challenge to their commercial exploitation. Different approaches including a water resistive top coating on perovskite cells, substituting iodide with chloride ion and methyl group with formamidinium cation, constructing two-dimensional layered morphologies and morphology engineering using co-solvents and additives have been explored to address these issues. Among these approaches, additive engineering due to its ease of incorporation, simplicity and unprecedented control over the nature and architecture of substituents offers huge advantage over all the rest.This thesis presents results of the ambient-air synthesis and stability studies of perovskite solar cells prepared using additives with hydrophobic and hydrophilic substituents. To realize perovskite solar cells two-step approach was employed. Ethanolamine (EA), dibutylamine (DBA) and dibutylethanol amine (DBEA) were used as complexing agents to modify the nucleation and crystallization behavior of lead iodide during film formation. All three additives significantly enhanced solubility of lead iodide in dimethylformamide (DMF). Perovskite films prepared using EA, DBA and DBEA showed much improved surface coverages, larger and uniform grain sizes and much enhanced uniformities compared to pristine film, which exhibited gross phase separation. Power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of over 3%, 5% and 10.8% were obtained for EA, DBA and DBEA incorporated perovskites whereas pristine devices exhibited PEC values of under 1%.Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy confirms IV results that charge recombination is drastically reduced by the addition of these additives and the lowest recombination was observed for DBEA. Similar trend was observed for air-stability tests where DBEAincorporated devices showed highest stability (over 750 h) followed by DBA (over 500 h) and then EA (less than 200 h). Under same environmental conditions, pristine devices were found to be completely degraded within 150 h. Second part of this thesis reports on the efficiency enhancement of dye sensitized solar cells by directly depositing gold (Au) nanoparticles on the mesoporous titania scaffold before dye xii sensitization. Cells based on these photoanodes showed 9.48% efficiency compared to 6.1% for the reference cell, exhibiting an overall enhancement of 55% using only 0.11 wt% of Au, which is the lowest reported Au concentration for DSSCs in the literature to-date. We also report on the use of biomass-derived nitrogen-doped carbon aerogel as an effective alternative to conventional platinum based counter electrodes for dye sensitized solar cells. The nitrogen-doped carbon aerogel electrode, deposited from oleylamine mixture, was annealed at different temperatures and its impact on photovoltaic performance of these cells is investigated. I-V measurements confirm that the annealing temperature substantially enhances photovoltaic parameters of these devices. The power conversion efficiency of the solar cells from optimized nitrogen-doped carbon aerogel exhibited comparable efficiency to that of a cell fabricated using platinum-based counter electrode.