Agriculture is the back bone of economic development of any agricultural country and it has been transformed into a vast industry fulfilling the primary needs of the masses. Sustainability in agriculture sector is a serious concern specifically in the perspective of environmental conservation as well as maintaining rather improving the crop productivity. This research work was designed to prepare environmentally friendly slow release nano-fertilizer as a substitute for conventional chemical fertilizers that could protect the environment from deleterious effects of conventional chemical fertilizers without compromising agricultural productivity. Two types of nano-composites, based on zeolite (ZNC) and biochar (BNC), with a particle size of 6.05 and 55.6nm, were synthesized by adopting two-step approach and compared with conventional chemical fertilizers. In the first step support materials i.e. nano zeolite (NZ) and biochar of corncob (CB) were synthesized and in the second step support materials were impregnated/ doped with micro and macro nutrients. Physiochemical properties of both the support materials (NZ & CB) and their nanocomposites (ZNC & BNC) were determined using standard methods. While the structure, morphological features, chemical composition, size and thermal stability were determined by fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Slow release properties of ZNC & BNC carried out in water as well as in soil for 7 and 14 days, respectively, that confirmed the gradual release and long time availability of all the doped nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn). Concurrently, the synthesized nano-composites showed excellent water absorbance, salt index and water retention capacities that is good to enhance the soil condition without imparting negative impacts to the crops. The nano-composites’ capability to enhance crop production in comparison to conventional fertilizers was accessed primarily by performing greenhouse experiments on wheat – a major cash crop of Pakistan that is widely grown and serving the purpose of staple food in Pakistan. The completely randomized design with five treatments (control, urea, NPK, ZNC and BNC) was laid ii down, to study the germination parameters; time for 50% germination (T50), mean germination time (days), final germination percentage (%) and germination index. The results indicated early sprouting and germination in ZNC followed by BNC than conventional fertilizers (i.e. urea and NPK). After positive germination results of greenhouse experiment, the field trials were carried on using the same approach i.e. RCBD with three replicates of each treatment to examine the effect of nano-composites on growth and yield parameters for two consecutive years (2014 - 2016). The results were statistically analyzed using one- way ANOVA (LSD at 0.5%) and means were separated by standard errors. The results of field trials demonstrated that nano-composites (ZNC & BNC) positively influenced growth and yield of wheat crop as compared to conventional fertilizers (urea and NPK) and control. In the first year, the highest grain yield was found for ZNC followed by BNC, NPK, urea and lowest for control treatment. While in the second year the scenario was slightly changed and the highest yield was observed in BNC followed by ZNC; the rest of the pattern is same as previous i.e. NPK > urea >control. The proximate, antioxidant and nutritional analysis of wheat grain were performed to determine the comparative effect of nano-composites (ZNC & BNC) with conventional fertilizers. The results demonstrated that nano-composites had marked influence on nutritional quality, antioxidant activity and proximate analysis of wheat grain as compared to urea and NPK. Similarly, comparison of pre and post-cropharvest analysis of soil confirmed that use of nano-composites improve the quality of the soil. Finally, the viability of these nano-composites was quantified through economic analysis for the feasibility of this new approach in field application. The results showed that nano-composites significantly enhanced the gross benefit as compared to conventional fertilizers. Hence, it can be safely concluded that use of these nanocomposites will not only protect the environment but also enhance the yield, nutritional quality of crops and income of farmers by reducing the fertilizer input cost thereby ensuring sustainable agriculture development.
It is evident from the teaching of Quran & Sunna, Allah SWT accepts the repentance of His servants. The concept of repentance is according to synthesis of human nature. As a matter of fact, the commission of sins is deep rooted into the human nature and except the messengers of Allah SWT, who are by their nature immaculate and impeccable, all the human beings commit the sins in one form or the other. However, the countless mercy of Allah SWT is showered upon the servants in the shape of “tauba” or repentance. The concept of repentance infuses a new life into the sinful soul of human being. The tauba or seeking forgiveness of Allah SWT revitalizes the enthusiasm of worship in the Muslim. The concept of the acceptance of tauba provide the peace of mind, consolation and satisfaction of heart to the believers. It enables him to reconnect himself to his Lord. Once a person realizes the forgiveness of Allah SWT, he feels a unique tranquility in his heart. This paper will investigate the multiple verses of Quran and Prophetic Sunna concerning the tauba and istaghfar, and how it helps us to attain the peace of mind and acquire satisfaction of heart.
Bandwidth requirements due to media applications are increasing and Radio over Fiber (ROF) is becoming an attractive choice for design and implementation of high speed wireless network. This technology increases the overall bandwidth and total number of users in a wireless system. Radio signal can be generated in electrical domain; however, opt ical generation is more efficient as it overcomes the electrical bandwidth limitations. In this thesis, radio signal has been generated in optical domain by beating two closely spaced wavelengths. Two lasers are used in this scheme and the output is Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) signal. Optical switches have been used to implement the frequency hopping and the operating frequency of the scheme can be changed by controlling the optical switch. The DWDM ROF (Dense Wave Division Multiplexed Radio over Fiber) system with capability to change the operating frequency is presented. DWDM ring has also been simulated with frequency plan to assign the wavelength in DWDM ROF scenario. Performance analysis of the system is done in the presence of different transmissio n impairment and optimization is done to achieve the best performance of the system. A signal with data rate of 4 Gbps has been successfully transmitted up to distance of 125 km. Wavelength used for beating and generation of the down link signal is reused at Remote Antenna Unit (RAU). Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) has been used to amplify the light signal; different algorithms have been developed and simulated to find the exact value of EDFA gain and number of amplifiers to be used. These algorithms can provide the exact placement of EDFAs in the DWDM ring. It has been verified that if gain is properly adjusted and EDFAs are properly placed, the Continuous Wave (CW) can be reused and uplink signal can be transmitted iiito Central Station (CS) using this wavelength. After simulation of the algorithm, DWDM ring is simulated to verify the algorithms and bit error rate and eye diagram analysis is done to compare the performance of the system. Ultra-wide band (UWB) signals have been generated using optical biasing, optical delay line and optical subtractor. UWB impulses are generated and their bandwidth has been optimized by controlling the relative delay. DWDM UWB rings are simulated and single UWB generator with capability to generate monocycle; doublet and triplet are presented. The effects of nonlinearities on UWB pulses are also studied. Multiple access technique is incorporated with this solution. A Next Generation Multi Service Access Gateway (NG-MSAG) is presented for Radio over Fiber. The architecture of this NG-MSAG allows the convergence of fixed, wireless, voice and data services. This convergence will decrease the overall deployment and operational cost of telecom operators especially those operators which are new in the industry and interested in deploying nation-wide fixed and wireless networks. The transport layer is based on IP/DWDM, Radio layer on ROF and services core is based on Next Generation Networks (NGN). The connectivity of NG-MSAG with telecom node is simulated. The Performance analysis is conducted and results are optimized which reveal the best performance when dispersion is kept in the range of +2 to +4 ps/(nm.km).