The main focus of the present research is the development of efficient catalysts for the degradation of wide range of pollutants present in different environmental compartments. For this purpose, two sets of compounds are synthesized. One class is designated as quantum dots and the second is sulphide based nanoparticles on the basis of particle size. The potential of these materials as candidates for environmental remediation is evaluated through degradation studies of dyes, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and pesticides. Quantum dots were synthesized to act as core (indium phosphide), shell (zinc sulphide) and (silver & copper) doped following the thermal decomposition process. Another series of compounds based on zinc and silver sulphide was attempted. The structure property relationship was assessed through a wide range of techniques including UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Photoluminescence spectrofluorometry (PL), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Thermogravimetry (TGA). The particle size results obtained from TEM supported two ranges; 2.28-4.60 nm and 612 nm for quantum dots and sulphide based nanoparticles, respectively. Each material was spherical in shape with clear lattice fringes. The purity of the product was witnessed by the presence of main elements and doping was in proportion to concentration induced. XRD results of ZnS depicted lattice planes (111), (200), (220), (311), (400), and (331) in good agreement with cubic geometry. It was also found that doping stamped good thermal stability to the synthesized material. Each of the synthesized material was tested as potential photocatalyst candidate for the degradation of representative dyes (crystal violet, Congo red), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (phenanthrene, naphthalene and pyrene) and pesticide (deltamethrin). For this purpose, series of bench scale batch experiments were designed and photocatalytic activity under UV light irradiation was followed on UV-Visible, Gas chromatography coupled with Mass spectrometry, and High performance liquid chromatography.The degradation potential of QDs due to smaller particle size was higher than nanoparticles with optimum efficiency of 95% and 81%, respectively, for both cationic and anionic dyes. The results indicated that degradation of PAHs increased with increase in irradiation time as evident from the reduced intensity of molecular ion peaks at standard retention times.The fragment at m/z 149 represented formation of phthalic acid that is less hazardous than parent compound. The study concludes that each synthesized material can be employed as potential photocatalyst for the degradation of representative pollutants. It is recommended that environmental compartment with mix pollutants can conveniently be treated with a single material to an appreciable extent. The study offers economical and environment friendly remediation model.
سی حرفی ۔۶ الف الٰہی بھیج ماہی نوں تھکے نین وچاری دے لگی سانگ سینے وچ ڈاہڈی، کیتے قول اقراری دے برہوں بن رسولی پنگرے، جاگے پھٹ بیماری دے آکھ حنیف نہ ملیا ماہی، ٹُٹے جوش خماری دے
ب برباد کیتا چا نیناں ، لگے وانگ کٹاری دے نیوں لگا چخہ چڑھ بہنا، رونے عمراں ساری دے نین نشیلے کردے حیلے، چھوپے پا دل داری دے آکھ حنیف نہ ملیا ماہی، لکھے لیکھ لکھاری دے
ت توے تے روٹی سڑدی جیوں کر ہِکے پاسے تے دل جگر تے چکی چلے ، غلہ جیویں خراسے تے عاشق نال رقیب سڑیندے جیویں معشوق دے ہاسے تے آکھ حنیف نہ ملیا ماہی، جیوندے رہے دلاسے تے
ث ثمر جے پیار دا چاہویں، عاجز پکڑ حلیمی نوں گھر آئے دی عزت کرنی ہو کے کھڑا تعظیمی نوں ونڈیں پیار جگت وچ بہتا، بھلیں نہیں کریمی نوں آکھ حنیف نہ ملیا ماہی، سِک دے یار قدیمی نوں ج جوانی ایویں گزری، کدی نہ سدیا یاراں نے رُٹھے یار ، غماں رُت آئی، موڑے منہ بہاراں نے وچ حیرانی، سرگردانی، فانی ہوئے ہزاراں نے آکھ حنیف نہ ملیا ماہی، ہو گئے حال بیماراں نے
ح حاصل کی محبت اندر، سر بدنامیاں چائیاں نی نعمت کھانے ، صاف پوشاکاں، مڈھوں منوں بھلائیاں نی چنتے ، فکر، اندیشے آئے ، کر دے غم، چڑھائیاں نی آکھ حنیف نہ ملیا ماہی، کیتیاں بے وفائیاں نی
خ خدا دی ذات نرالی ویکھے ایس بیماری نوں عشق ازل دا روگ اولا، کھاندا برہوں ماری نوں وچ جدائی رہی ترہائی، وصل نہ درداں ماری نوں آکھ حنیف نہ ملیا ماہی، بخشیں اوگنہاری نوں
د دوائی روگ میرے دی، باہجھوں نہیں سجن دے کو دے دیدار مرے دل دارا، موتی آس دے...
Islām is a religion of peace and it gives great importance to peace. Islamic teachings and laws are meant to create and maintain peace in the human society. But, unfortunately, Islām has been targeted as a source of terrorism, today. In this article, the author tries to defend Islām and differentiate between Jihād and terrorism. The word terrorism needs to be seen in its historical perspective. Different definitions of terrorism have been presented, but still it is an ambiguous term. In this paper, the author tries to define terrorism in the Islamic perspective. This paper discusses the points given below: m The concept of terrorism, its manifestations and types. M Encountering and prevention of terrorism from Islamic perspective. M Islām and the global brotherhood. M The punishment of terrorism. M The religious viewpoint against a cruel government. M The peaceful struggle against cruelty and injustice. Also, the difference between terrorism and jihad has been clarified. The rules and regulations of Jihād make it clear that it has nothing to do with terrorism, which is an unruly activity. A Muslim is supposed to be a peaceful citizen, who can never indulge in any act of terrorism. The rebellion against the rulers has also been discussed to draw the conclusion that it is not allowed except against the blatant kufr. The objectives of the Islamic punishments indicate the Islamic approach to minimize terrorism in the human society.
This dissertation seeks to explore the nature and development of the nationalist movement in Balochistan, Pakistan, during the military regime of Pervez Musharraf and its civilian successor, the Pakistan People’s Party. The dissertation argues that the Musharraf regime pursued a buffet of repressive and assimilationist policies to contain Baloch ethno-nationalism, driving the nationalists to demand self-determination. As a consequence, the province witnessed unprecedented violence between Baloch nationalists and the Pakistani state. Repression continued following the collapse of the Musharraf regime during the Pakistan People’s Party government. The reconciliatory policy of the PPP government failed in mitigating the Baloch resistance as the military approach to handling the Baloch crisis continued. The Baloch nationalist resistance hitherto confined to the tribal chieftains successfully lured the common masses and the educated middle class to its fold. Buoyed by this support, the nationalists rebuffed the reconciliatory initiatives of the civilian government and pressed for self-rule. The dissertation argues that the strained relationship between the Pakistani state and Baloch nationalists is rooted in post-colonial dynamics with sporadic bouts of confrontation and long spells of quasi peace. And that the coercive policies of the state in the period 1999-2013, only intensified the Baloch struggle to a point of no return manifesting in the demand for independence.