The research study was aimed to find out the application level and gaps between the theoretical knowledge and professional practice of teacher education in Pakistan. The study was designed to meet the following objectives; (1) To find out the level of application of the theoretical knowledge by the student teachers during their teaching practice. (2) To explore the differences among the perceptions of student teachers, teacher educators and the observation records of the researcher. (3) To find out the gaps between theoretical knowledge and professional practice of student teachers. (4) To develop strategies to fill the gaps between theoretical knowledge and professional practice of student teachers. All the student teachers, enrolled in the B.Ed (elementary) one year program, and the teacher educators, in the campuses of the University of Education Lahore as well as in the Government Colleges of Elementary Teachers (GCETs), comprised the population of the study. Multi-stage cluster random sampling technique was used to select the sample. Eight teacher education institutions from both streams of GCETs and UE campuses were selected in equal proportion. 522 student teachers and 100 teacher educators comprised the sample of the study. The mixed method approach was used to collect the data through observation checklist, questionnaires for student teachers and teacher educators, focus group discussion and interview technique. Data triangulation design was used through the cross tabulation on SPSS for analysis of the quantitative data. Mean score, chi-square test and Tukey''s HSD were applied to analyze the quantitative data. Whereas, the qualitative data was analyzed through the thematic analysis. A mixed picture of application of the theoretical concepts, regarding the different categories of pedagogical skills, were found with considerable, significant, moderate and critical gaps. The observation records usually identified the low level of application of the concepts with greater level of gaps as compared to the perceptions of student teachers and teacher educators. It was also found that the student teachers did not succeed to apply the theoretical concepts regarding the innovative methods of teaching as well as the computer applications in the classroom. Different challenges and problems were identified for the application of theoretical concepts during the teaching practice of student teachers. The coordination and collaboration among schools and teacher education institutions, freedom and power for student teachers, availability of resources for technology integration, training of school teachers for helping student teachers, expansion in the duration of teaching practice, feedback and reflective practices and the concept of laboratory schools associated with teacher education institutions were identified as the strategies to fill the gaps between theoretical knowledge and professional practice in teacher education. Close collaboration and coordination, with integrated concept of schools and teacher education institutions, expanded duration of teaching practice, free hands on experience of student teachers, availability of resources and necessary materials as well as the curriculum of teacher education program compatible to the needs of schools were recommended to fill the gaps between theoretical knowledge and professional practice in teacher education.
نظم توں مراد شعراں دا اوہ مجموعہ اے جیہدے وچ کوئی اک مرکزی خیال ہو ندا اے ۔بہت سارے شعر ہوون دی صور ت وچ خیال دی درجہ بہ درجہ بڑھوتری طاہر کرن خاطر شعراں نوں وکھو وکھ حصیاں وچ ونڈ لیا جاندا اے ۔تاں جے نظم دے معنی تے مفہوم واضح ہو سکے۔نظم وچ اک خیال یا تصور نوں موضوع بنا یا جا ندا اے تے نظم وچ شعراں دی کوئی گنتی کوئی حد مقرر نہیں ہو ندی ۔صرف خیال دے تسلسل نوں مکھ رکھیا جاندا اے ۔
خیال وانگوں نظم لئی سرنانویں دی وی کوئی قید نہیں ۔ایہدے وچ کسے وی موضوع اتے خیالاں دا اظہار کتا جاسکدا اے ۔بھانویں اور سرنانواں تاریخی ہو وے یاںجغرافیائی ،دینی ہو وے یاں دنیاوی ،تہذیبی ہووے یاں ثقافتی ،معاشی ہووے یا ںمعاشرتی ،سیاسی ہووے یاں مذہبی ،قومی ہووے یا ںانقلابی ،نواں ہووے یا ںپرانا،علمی ہووے یاں ادبی ہر سرنانویں تے دنیا دے ہر معاملے زندگی دے ہر مسئلے تے کائنات دے ہر پکھ بارے نظم لکھی جاسکدی اے ۔
سرنانویں وانگوں ایس لئی کسے خاص ہئیت دی وی پابندی ضروری نہیں ۔جیویں نظم لئی کسے وی موضوع نوں چنیا جا سکدا اے ایسے طرح ایہدے واسطے کوئی ہئیت اختیار کیتی جا سکدی اے ۔ اے بھانویں روایتی...
In this paper, the question of the participation of the resident Muslim in the foreign countries in politics and its rulings and the statement of some issues that are presented to the Muslim, such as: to elect, run or participate in political parties and other issues related to this topic. And also, tried to study the views of the scholars, and presented them and their attitudes, evidence in them, compared with them. The modern world has witnessed phenomena, which is not hidden to every sane person, which was, the Muslim participation in the political activities in the non-Muslim countries. The importance of this research paper is clear because it reveals the meaning of the political concept in the Holy Quran and prophetic tradition, which made the researcher in the attempt to legalize the matter in this regard and to summarize the statements of ancient and contemporary scholars based on their arguments and evidences. The study concluded That the participation in politics activities non-Muslims societies does not fall within the scope of the doctrine originally, since no one doubts in the doctrine of Muslims that it is not permissible to resort to the tyrant and not to judge except with Allah almighty revealed rules and regulations, and when this doctrine disappears or enter doubt of any act of apostasy and disbelief, which is not satisfied by any sound Muslim at this very moment that falls into haram category. At the end conclusion is drawn from variant views of the scholars, and the main findings and recommendations have been given.
Neuroinvasive microbes include a wide variety of microorganisms that can enter the Central Nervous System (CNS). They are capable of exerting influences on the autonomic nervous system of the host by releasing extracellular metabolites that may cause alterations in the biochemical and neurophysiological environment. Consequently, the host’s synaptic, neuroendocrine, peripheral immune, neuroimmune and behavioral response facilitate the progression of infection. The present study was conducted to screen and characterize bioactive peptides produced by neuroinvasive bacteria i.e. Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), Bacillus cereus (Bc), Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) and Clostridium tetani (Ct) that are commonly involved in CNS infections. Bacterial peptides were used to correlate the neurological, biochemical, immunological and neuroimmunolgical aspects of pathogenesis of CNS infections. Lm and Nm were isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected from 92 mentally compromised patients. Bc and Ct were also included in the study. All bacterial strains were identified by standard biochemical procedures. Collected CSF samples were also screened for the presence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Bacteria were cultured and filter sterilized cell free cultural broths (SCFBs) were prepared. Behavioral study and neurotransmitter analysis were performed after giving interaperitonieal (i.p.) shot of each bacterial SCFB to 4 groups (Test; n=7) of Sprague Dawely (SD) rats whereas 2 groups each (Control; n=7) received nutrient broth (NB) control and sterile physiological saline control respectively. Motor and behavioral activities were observed and biogenic amines were extracted from whole brain and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC). Biogenic amines were detected in SCFBs of each bacterium. Extracellular bioactive peptides of these bacteria were screened and purified. Neuropathogenic effects of purified peptides were studied on BALB/c mice cohorts and correlated with CSF biogenic amines. BALB/c mice hippocampal neurons were cultured as per standard protocols and effects of bacterial peptides on the voltage dependent K+ and Na+ channels of these neurons were studied by patch clamp. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs) and BALB/c mice microglial cells were separately cultured for comparative analysis, exposed to bacterial peptides and were observed for the cytopatheic effects (CPEs). Cellular RNA was extracted, purified and quantified. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was done to study the expression of immunocytokines and toll like receptors (TLRs). Signal transduction precursors were also detected. Comparative analysis was done with the cellular RNA extracted from glial cells. Present study concludes with the detection of NO production induced by peptides both in immune and neuroimmune cells. The results indicated that Nm was found in 22% of the collected samples. Presence of HSV along with the co-infection of HSV1 and HSV2 was confirmed in most of the negative bacterial culture samples. Co-infection of both bacterial and viral etiology was also detected in some samples. Our study indicated that bacterial SCFBs shots induced promising behavioral changes including fever, swelling and hind paw paralysis in respective Sprague Dawely (SD) rat cohorts. Biogenic amine profile of SD rats revealed enhanced concentration of dopamine (DA) in the brains of all SD rat cohorts whereas profound elevation was found exclusively in rats treated with Lm SCFB. Comparative analysis of biogenic amines in SCFB with plain media control revealed that Bc, Ct and Nm showed the complete degradation of DA into its metabolic products whereas Lm showed negligible degradation of DA. Purified bacterial peptides of all bacteria used in present study elicited marked changes in behavior along with enhanced concentration of DA in the brains of BALB/c mice cohorts. Comparative analysis with CSF biogenic amines indicated the presence of DA, Dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid (DOPAC), Homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxy Indol acetic acid (5HIAA) in HSV infected CSF samples exclusively whereas increased amount of DA was found in Lm. Extracellular peptides of Lm and Bc caused the irreversible blockage of both K+ and Na+ channels of BALB/c mice hippocampal neurons. Peptides of Bc, Ct, Lm and Nm caused aggregation leads to distortion of immune and neuro-immune cells. RT-PCR profile revealed that TLR2 and TLR4 were commonly expressed in PMBCs and microglial cells. However, TLR3 was additionally expressed in microglial cells which is an alternative to TLR9 of the PMBCs. Expression of the range of proinflammatory cytokines i.e. Interleukin 1 β (IL1β), Interleukin 6 (IL6) and Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) were found to be mediated via MyD88 dependent pathway. Production of Nitric Oxide (NO) was mainly found in Lm peptides. The most important finding is that the detection and diagnosis of neurological infections on the basis of clinical signs are unsatisfactory. Therefore, existence of both viral and bacterial etiological agents must be checked to avoid the misdiagnosis and wrong treatment of the CNS infections. The sequence indicated the small size of extracellular peptides of Bc, Ct, Lm and Nm. Our study demonstrated the intervention of these peptides in the biochemical, neurological, immunological and neuro-immunological processes of the host. Therefore, bacterial peptides would have far reaching implications in disease progression. It is significant to note that these peptides definitely carry certain pattern which is complimentary to the TLRs of PMBCs and microglial cells as both cells recognized and induced immune and neuro-immune processes. Present study initiates a new venue of research for screening and characterization of such bioactive peptides in other pathogens.