This study was carried out by considering the importance of proper storage and composting of poultry litter (PL) for its nutrient conservation and stability. In the first experiment, five storage methods were compared for their effects on nutrient dynamics and microbial diversity in PL under composting and un- composting conditions. Storage methods included: shed, covered (plastic sheet), open-air, pit, and lined floor. The pile / pit size was 2 m × 2 m × 1 m (L × W × H or D), and the quantity of poultry litter in each one was 500 kg. Composite PL samples were collected after an interval of 15 days until 90 days for the determination of organic C, macro- (N, P and K) and micro-nutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) contents and microbial population counts. Data recorded during storage and/or composting were statistically analyzed through three-way ANOVA including time, storage methods and composting conditions as variables. There was significant successive reduction of organic C contents / C:N ratio and improvement in macro- and micro-nutrient concentration in the processed PL with increased storage time both under composting and un-composting conditions. Composting proved statistically superior to un-composting for all the parameters tested. Among the storage methods, PL composted under plastic cover resulted in the highest nutrient contents and the lowest C:N ratio; while shed storage without composting gave the poorest results. Composting under covered storage method gave significantly higher Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn contents (487, 277, 778 and 331 μg g- 1 , respectively) compared to that with other methods. Microbial populations in the PL under various treatments also varied significantly during the study period. The highest count of bacteria (8.36×108) was under composting at 60 days, while PL filled in pits showed the highest number (8.42×108). Actinomycetes population was highest (8.02×106) at 75 days of composting, and pit storage method gave the maximum count (8.85×106). The highest population of fungi (7.06×104) was found at 45 days of composting and in pit storage method (7.83×104). In the second experiment, composted and un-composted poultry litter obtained from Experiment-I were evaluated for their effects on soil fertility and wheat production in the field by employing split plot design with three replications. Composted PL resulted in significantly higher contents of soil organic matter and NPK at crop harvesting stage; further, these components were higher with the PL stored under covered or pit storage method. Wheat grain yield was also greater under composted PL treatments, while PL from pit and lined-floor storage gave statistically higher yield than from other methods. Open-air stockpiling performed the lowest in statistical terms. It is concluded that composting of poultry litter under plastic sheet cover provides the best storage conditions to conserve nutrient elements. Further, composting conditions favor the microbial activities to degrade the organic wastes faster, and their population is further enhanced under moisture-rich condition in the pits. Storage of poultry litter without providing the composting conditions in any of the storage methods delays its decomposition and stabilization. Similarly, the composted poultry litter has better fertilizer value than the un-composted one, as its application improves the soil characteristics and crop yields considerably.
ملا حاجی عبدالرزاق ایک روشن خیال روشن ضمیر افغانی مصلح عالم کی وفات
اسلامی دنیا میں آج جس چیز کا سب سے زیادہ رونا ہے، وہ ایسے علمائے کاملین کا وجود ہے، جو دین و دنیا دونوں کے علوم و ضروریات پر پوری نظر رکھتے ہوں جو علوم مذہبی اور علوم عصری دونوں کو یکجا تطبیق دینے کے خواہشمند ہوں، جو مذہب اور تمدن کو باہم منطبق کرسکتے ہوں، جو زمانہ حال کی ضروریات کے مطابق احکام مذہبی پر نظر رکھ کر ملک و قوم کی رہبری کا فرض انجام دے سکتے ہوں، جو مساجد کی امامت کے ساتھ صفوف جنگ بھی درست کرسکتے ہوں، جو رموز علمی کے پہلو بہ پہلو نکات سیاسی کو بھی سمجھ سکتے ہوں، ایسے علمائے مصلحین کا وجود کچھ نہ کچھ مصر و ہندوستان و ترکی و روس و تونس میں تو معلوم تھا، مگر افغانستان کی نسبت کسی ایسی مفید مقدس ہستی کا علم نہ تھا۔ امان، افغان کابل مورخہ ۲۴؍ رمضان المبارک ۱۳۴۳ھ سے ابھی اس کا حال معلوم ہوا اور ساتھ ہی وفات کی خبر پڑھی۔ ملا حاجی عبدالرزاق خان افغانستان کے امام وقت اور مشہور مدرس و عالم تھے، ہندوستان میں آخری تعلیم پائی تھی، ان کا سلسلۂ فیض بڑا وسیع تھا، افغانستان کے تمام نوجوان علماء ان کے شاگرد یا شاگرد کے برابر ہیں، ان کا تعلق ایک قدیم علمی خاندان سے تھا، مروجہ اسلامی و مشرقی علوم کے حصول کے بعد وہ ۴۰ سالوں سے درس و تدریس میں مشغول تھے اور آخر وقت تک یہی شغل جاری رہا، اگرچہ وہ تمام فنون میں درس دیا کرتے تھے، لیکن ریاضی، ہئیت اور حدیث میں ان کو کمال تھا، وہ اسلامی تاریخ، جغرافیہ و اخلاقیات میں بھی واقفیت نام رکھتے تھے۔ان علمی مشاغل کے باوجود موجودہ سیاست سے بھی کافی دلچسپی رکھتے تھے اور...
When we analyse the preaching of religion by the Holy Prophets (peace an blessing of Allah be upon them) in the background of history of mankind, we come to know that Allah Almighty offered at least a Shari'ah (a code of social, moral and religious conduct) to every Prophet or bound them to a Shari'ah previousl preached by another Prophet before them. Shari'ah is, in fact, based upon the principles and practices to lead life. There had been at least some differences in the Shari'ah different Prophets with regard to the difference of their time and place. It is a proven fact that the followers of a Prophet had always been bound to follow the Shari'ah of their own Prophets. The Shareeya of the Prophet of Islam (peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) is absolutely consummate in every respect and it also fulfills the needs of all times to come. It is because of the fact that Mujtahidin who kept on resorting to Ijtehad. The topic under consideration is an intellectual research analysis of the efforts of Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi in the field of Ijtehad in the history of Islam.
Science teachers' perceptions and understanding of Nature of Science (NOS) is central to scientific literacy worldwide. This qualitative case study aimed to explore the perceptions of nine secondary school science teachers about NOS from six private schools of Gilgit. The three important tenets of NOS relevant to school science were, science being tentative in nature, empirical nature of science and scientific laws and theories. The schools and participants; three teachers from each discipline; chemistry, biology and physics were chosen through purposive sampling. Data was collected via two tools which were written in English and Urdu. The research tool, Views of Nature of Science (VoNOS) had six open-ended questions to be answered in written, while Nature of Science Research Protocol (NOSRP) was a semi-structured interview tool with four critical incidents to elicit verbal responses which were audio-taped with their consent. The data was thematically analyzed after transcription, verbatim, translation from Urdu to English and coding.Their responses were categorized into the three predominant themes as informed, adequate and inadequate by using a rubric adapted from Khan (2014). The results were noteworthy; it was revealed that despite not having read explicitly about NOS participants' held informed perceptions about science being tentative and empirical NOS. They believe that science is not fixed rather it is an on-going process, based on observation, experimentation and inferences. However, majority had adequate perceptions about laws and theories. They believed that that theories and laws are different but sometimes theories can convert into laws when proven right. Hence, this study recommends that the stake holders need to revisit the content of textbooks for updated knowledge about laws and theories and add many examples regarding it. The findings of this study can help science teachers, educators and researchers to understand the three aspects of NOS and become aware of the misconceptions about them.