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The Censorship of Visual Pleasure in Pakistani Films

Thesis Info

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Author

Rizvi, Wajiha Raza

Program

PhD

Institute

University of the Punjab

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2014

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Communication Studies

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11780/1/Wajiha_Raza_Rizvi_Communication_Studies_2014_Univ_of_the_Punjab_27.05.2016.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725078640

Similar


The dissertation discusses the censorship of visual pleasure and gaze in early and post-1979 Pakistani films in view of the issuance dates of the Motion Picture Ordinance (1979) and the Censorship of Film Rules (1980). It analyzes films and censor certificates of films considering that the Central Board of Film Censors (CBFC) has been censoring films for one nation in both the eras. However, contemporary films have replaced sexually passive girls of early films with bold and beautiful contemporary women, reflecting a change in the trends of censorship. The dissertation evaluates visual pleasure and gaze at female representations in films from both the eras. The dissertation reviews film scholarship to understand the relationship of cinema to state: stability of state and the threat of public uproars over issues of decency, morality, and sexuality in films. It also reviews the coverage of Pakistani films and industry in Dawn daily and other literature over the past decade to evaluate the performance of Pakistani cinema under different political regimes, its decline, present status and issues. However, its main focus remains on the censorship of visual pleasure in Pakistani films. The study uses critical theories to discuss male fascination and anxiety with the female form, social formations, and epistemology to examine the shift in the reality and representation of women to opposite poles in the pre-and-post-Zia films. The study uses triangulation of methods to analyze the films and the excisions as noted on the censor certificates of films by the CBFC in the pre-and-post-1979 eras. It evaluates the consistency in the vision and approach of the machinery of the state in implementing the Pakistani Cinema 23 censorship policy to sustain cultural norms, religious harmony, and peace in the country over a period of time. It evaluates various aspects of historical changes in interpreting and understanding Censorship of Film Rules about the political system, national identity, decency, morality, and sexuality, as both the legislation and film are reflection of wider society as subjective exercises. The review of Pakistani literature comprising the statistical data of films does not prove the authenticity of a general perception that General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq’s martial law regime and forced Islamization caused the decline of Pakistani cinema. The study of the censor certificates reflects that the CBFC excised more visual pleasure (dances-vulgar body movements and sexual innuendoes) from films produced in the pre Zia era and less from films produced in the post-Zia era. A change in ethics and mores of society is visible in images that were puritanical in early days and morally and sexually liberal later. The study explores élite gazing at traditional girls of the early films as opposed to the common gazing at free women who are open with their emotions and sexuality in contemporary films. The study finds that the early Pakistani films promoted the eastern cultural norms of Urdu speaking élites of Delhi and Lucknow against sexual boldness of westernized antagonists. The representations have changed tremendously over the decades replacing the shy women with the sexually bold and beautiful Punjabi heroines who act like the antagonists of the past. The study reflects changes in the censorship of visual pleasure in films though CBFC still censors the films as per rules.
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تمنا

تمنا
میرے گلے پہ۔۔۔!
جب تو عین، شین، قاف کا تیر چھوڑے
پھر برزخ کی حقیقت میں جمال کا پردہ چاک ہو کر!
عالم اسرار۔۔۔صاحب قرار کی کماں ٹوٹ جائے
میں ہونٹوں پر مسکراہٹ سجائے!
سینے پر ہاتھ رکھے۔۔۔صحرا میں تڑپتا رہوں
ریت لہو سے غسل کرے۔۔۔!
میں بس ایڑیاں رگڑتا رہوں
پھر ہوائیں میرا طواف کریں
فاختائیں اپنے گھونسلے چھوڑتے ہوئے!
ٹیلئہ بہار کی طرف ہجرت کرنے لگیں
جس ’’مالکا‘‘ سے تو نے مجھے جدا کیا تھا
وہ تین قدم پہ کھڑی۔۔۔!
وا عشقا۔۔۔ وا عشقا کہتے ہوئے روتی کرلاتی رہے
تو تطہیر صحرا میں ۔۔۔لہو سے سیراب ریت پر اترے
’’عین‘‘ سے عقیل ؑبہار کا خطبہ ظاہر ہو
’’قاف‘‘ سے قطع یدین کا اسلوب ظاہر ہو
’’شین‘‘ سے۔۔۔!
شہادتِ سورہ عشق کی حجت تمام ہو
یوں عشق بھی۔۔۔مقام محمود پر نظر آنے لگے

واقع التعليم الإلكتروني بالمغرب: جهة طنجة تطوان الحسيمة نموذجا

تهدف هذه الدراسة للتعرف على واقع التعليم الإلكتروني بالمغرب، وكذلك الكشف عن الآليات الموظفة في هذا القطاع، وإبراز الإجراءات التي اتبعت من طرف وزارة التربية الوطنية لنشر هذه التكنولوجيا بالمؤسسات التعليمية، والتعرف على المعيقات التي تعترض اعتماد نمط التعليم الإلكتروني. وللوقوف على واقع هذا النوع من التعليم، تكونت عينة البحث من (120) أستاذة وأستاذا، شكلوا مجتمع الدراسة بسلكي التعليم الابتدائي والثانوي، التابعين لأكاديمية التربية والتعليم بجهة طنجة تطوان الحسيمة. وقد وزعت عليهم استمارات بنيت بكل دقة، وتضمنت أربعة محاور ممتدة على خمسة وعشرين سؤالا، تناولت بتفصيل كل عناصر الموضوع. وللإجابة عن تساؤلات البحث، وبناء على أهداف الدراسة ومتغيراتها تم الاعتماد على: المنهج الإحصائي الكمي لحساب التكرارات، والمنهج الوصفي التحليلي التركيبي القائم على أسلوب تحليل المحتوى. وقد أظهرت نتائج هذه الدراسة أن التعليم الإلكتروني بالمغرب مازال قاصرا عن تحقيق الأهداف المرجوة منه، نظرا لعدة إكراهات كضعف التكوين والصعوبات المادية والمشاكل المرتبطة بالتجهيز. الكلمات المفتاحية: التعليم الإلكتروني، تكنولوجيا المعلومات والاتصالات، جهة طنجة تطوان الحسيمة.

Comparison of Outcomes of Open Reduction Versus Open Reduction Salter Osteotomy for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip Ddh Among Children at French Medical Institute for Children, Kabul, Afghanistan

Background: Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) consists of either subluxation or dislocation of femoral head from acetabulum and acetabular dysplasia. The ratio of left side hip to right is 3:1. There are several kinds of treatments for DDH globally, and conservative treatment is one of the best methods with a better outcome than surgical treatment. Objective: The aim of this research study is to compare the outcomes of Open Reduction versus Open Reduction Salter Osteotomy with regard to length of stay, complications and family satisfaction among children with DDH at FMIC, Kabul, Afghanistan. Methodology: A retrospective cohort study design was employed. Records of 166 participants who underwent Open Reduction and Open reduction Salter Osteotomy at FMIC hospital were reviewed. The data was collected from the available records during the period of 2010 to 2015. Chi-square test of independence and T-test for two independent samples were run to determine an association between two categorical variables and compute mean difference between categorical and continuous variables for two types of surgical procedure for DDH respectively. In addition, t-test for two dependent samples was also run to compare the mean difference of Pre-operation and Post-operation AI. All the ethical principles were followed throughout the study process. Result: The research findings revealed that there is a difference in outcomes of Open Reduction versus Open Reduction Salter Osteotomy. There was a meaningful difference of Pre-operation and Post-Operation AI for DDH patients (p-value <0.001). Hospital length of stay for Open Reduction group was relatively low (p-value <0.001). The rate of development of complications was higher in Open reduction group as compared to Open reduction Salter osteotomy. Residual dysplasia is more common in open reduction group, 16 participants (19.27%) as compared to open reduction salter osteotomy 9 (10. 84%). In open reduction group only 1 (0.6%) of the participants had subluxation, and 2 (1.2%) others developed femoral head AVN. On the contrary, in the open reduction salter osteotomy group, 1 (0.6%) participant had developed subluxation and 5 (3%) had developed AVN and majority of participants 132(79.5%) had not developed any complications. Half of participants’ families 101 (60.8%) were strongly satisfied, followed by 62 (37.3%) satisfied, and while 3 (1.8%) were dissatisfied with two types of surgical treatment methods. 132 (79.5%) of participants had excellent outcome, 25 (15.1%) good, 2(1.2%) and 7 (4.2%) poor outcome. Conclusion: The research study revealed that there is difference in the outcomes of