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Home > The Changing Facets of the Us-Pakistan Relations: A Review of the Bilateral Relations Since the Collapse of Soviet Union Till 9/11 2001

The Changing Facets of the Us-Pakistan Relations: A Review of the Bilateral Relations Since the Collapse of Soviet Union Till 9/11 2001

Thesis Info

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External Link

Author

Khan, Jehangir

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Peshawar

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2010

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Political science

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/843

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725080164

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Relations between the United States and Pakistan have a long history spread over nearly six decades. Though these relations have seen various phases of engagements and estrangements, this study takes into account the changing facets of the US- Pakistan relations in the wake of the collapse of Soviet Union in early 1990s till 9/11(2001). The era under focus saw the acute type of estrangement between the two states. In the changed geostrategic scenario, the US strategic priorities had changed. Pakistan lost her strategic worth for the US policymakers. The issue of Pakistan’s controversial nuclear program resurfaced that further pushed these states apart from each other. Pressler Amendment (1985) was invoked by the US and sanctions were applied against Pakistan. Based on such a policy, all the US economic and military assistance to Pakistan was completely choked. The US policy of nuclear non- proliferation was vigorously brought into play. However, these coercive measures proved counterproductive and Pakistan became an overt nuclear state in May 1998. Nuclear proliferation was another manifestation of the failure of this US policy. In late 1990s, terrorism caught US attention and it became a focal point of her foreign policy. To eliminate this menace, Pakistan was urged to help American agencies. But this further heightened tension between them. Thus, US-Pakistan relations were greatly marred throughout the 1990s. This dissertation analyzes the causes and effects of the event-related ties between Pakistan and the United States and founds the divergence of interests as the main cause of trust deficit in their relationship. The US agenda was global while Pakistan sought after her narrow local objectives. But both wished national security for their nations. It explores how the US policy of sanctions towards Pakistan failed and gave rise to nuclear proliferation. It evaluates the economic, social, political costs of the US benign neglect towards Pakistan. Due to the US strategic myopia, Pakistan’s strategic worth was overlooked that gave terrorism a chance to flourish in the region. This study specially highlights the main areas of conflict and cooperation between Pakistan and the United States and enumerates the ways and means to mitigate the misperceptions between them. Some policy recommendations are also put forward to convert the US-Pakistan relations into strategic partnership characterized with equality and mutual co-existence.
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جانے یہ بات سچ ہے کہ دلکش گمان ہے

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Functional Carbon Materials Derived from Metal-Organic Frameworks Mofs for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Coversion

World electricity demand is estimated to double by the mid-century and to triple by the end of the century, even after efficient conservation technology development. Fossil fuels such as natural gas and oil, the major contributors to global electricity generation, are anticipated to peak-over in the following few decades. The generation of electrical energy from renewable resources instead of from fossil fuels has received great interest due to the resource limitations and environmental impacts of the latter. Renewables such as solar radiation and wind face significant challenges of time-dependent intensity fluctuation and natural geographical distribution. Among the different strategies for smoothing the disordered renewables, the electrical energy storage and conversion has been recognized the most efficient and effective approach. Energy storage in the form of charges include supercapacitors and battery technologies, the former is very effective in terms of power density while the latter is the best option in terms of energy density. Energy conversion devices include fuel cells, which can generate electricity from chemical fuels with large efficiency and zero pollutant emission and are very suitable for use in vehicle engines and portable electronics. In the first part of this research work, different MOFs precursors, namely MOF-5, Zn-BTC, MOF-199, MIL-101(Cr) and ZIF-12 are converted to pure carbon, and metal oxide decorated carbon structures by the inert-atmosphere template carbonization approach. MOF-derived carbon nanospheres and microporous carbons have delivered specific capacitance in the range of 150 to 350 F g–1, the optimum performance of the designed electrode materials in comparison to the literature. In long-term cycling performance, the copper oxide decorated graphitic carbons and the chromium oxide decorated turbostratic graphitic carbons retained about 95% of their initial capacitance. The novel innovative hybrid composite of cobalt oxide embedded N-doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from single-step calcination of ZIF-12 has shown an excellent lithium charge/discharge and storage, retaining ~95% capacity after 50 cycles and a reversible capacity of ~1100 mA h g–1 at a current density of 0.1 A g–1, which far exceeds the performance of conventional lithium ion battery anode materials under similar conditions. In the second part of this research work, platinum group metal-type (PGM-type) catalysts were deposited on MOF-5-derived high-surface area carbon and electrochemically evaluated for the fuel cell cathodic sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The Pt-Ni composition (1:1) exhibited a pronounced positive shift of 90 mV in onset-potential while the Pt-Cu composition (1:1) has delivered an outstanding stability and longevity when evaluated against the commercial Pt/C (20%) catalyst. The significantly improved activity and stability of the catalysts can be attributed to the Pt electron interaction with first-row transition metals and carbon support that prevents the nanoparticles from agglomeration and dissolution as has been proved in X-ray and microscopic analysis.