حدود سے مراد اللہ کی حدود ہیں جن میں مداخلت اللہ کی سلطنت میں مداخلت ہے ۔ اللہ تعالیٰ نے انسانوں کو لا تعداد امور میں اپنی عقل استعمال کرنے کی اجازت دی ہے ۔ بےشمار ناپسندیدہ افعال اور جرائم ایسے ہیں جن کی سزا قاضی یا حاکم کی صوابدید پر چھوڑ دی گئی اور یوں شخصی آزادی کا اہتمام کیا گیا، لیکن کچھ افعال کو حرام قرار دینے کے بعد ان کی سزا اور اس کے متعلقات کے لیے حد کی اصطلاح خود اللہ تعالیٰ نے وضع کی ۔ زنا ، قذف ، خمر ، سرقہ، حرابہ، ارتداد اور بغی حرام ہیں اور ان کی سزائیں بھی اللہ تعالیٰ نے خود مقرر فرما دی ہیں۔ اس سے بخوبی اندازہ لگایا جا سکتا ہے کہ اللہ تعالیٰ کے نزدیک ان افعال پر سزائیں کس قدر اہم ہیں ، جیسا کہ سورۃ البقرہ میں اللہ تعالیٰ تنبیہ فرما رہے ہیں
﴿تِلْكَ حُدُودُ اللَّهِ فَلَا تَعْتَدُوهَا وَمَنْ يَتَعَدَّ حُدُودَ اللَّهِ فَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الظَّالِمُونَ۔ ﴾30
"یہ اللہ کی مقرر کردہ حدود ہیں ، ان سے تجاوز نہ کرو اور جو لوگ حدود اللہ سے تجاوز کریں، وہی ظالم ہیں۔ "
آپ ﷺ نے رحمت للعالمین اور امت پر شفیق ہونے کے باوجود حدود کے معاملے میں یوں تنبیہ فرمائی
"أَلاَ وَإِنَّ لِكُلِّ مَلِكٍ حِمًى أَلاَ وَإِنَّ حِمَى اللَّهِ مَحَارِمُهُ۔ "31
"خبردار ! ہر بادشاہ کی ( کوئی نہ کوئی) چراگاہ ہوتی ہے اور ( یاد رکھو) اللہ کی چراگاہ اس کے محارم ہیں۔ "
لفظ "حمی" عربی ادب میں اپنے مجازی معنوں میں اگرچہ "چراگاہ "کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے لیکن فی الاصل اس کا صحیح ترین معنی "علاقہ ممنوعہ "ہے ۔ یہ علاقہ ممنوعہ اللہ تعالیٰ کی خاص سلطنت کی حدود بھی ہو سکتا ہے ، یہ اس کی خلوت گاہ بھی ہو سکتا ہے اور اس کے...
For the development of human society, when male and female get into the bond of marriage, they not only crave for having long lasting relationship but also desire it to be protected and preserved. But sometimes, the state of affairs turn out in such a way that this marital bond is vitictimized by the mutual differences and grow to such an extent that husband and wife end up in divorce. Separation of a married couple is viewed as a dreadful act in any society of the world. However, sometimes a couple is better off without this relation as a result of growing differences. Different religions have suggested different waysin this regard by explaining how husband and wife can lead a detached life. Divorce is an act which breaks the agreement of marriage. Different religions propose different laws and traditions for divorce. In this paper, we will discuss divorce laws and traditions that come under Semitic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) in specific.
The purpose of this study was to identify the change (or lack of change) in the classroom practice of science teachers in a government school in Karachi, after completing the eight-week Certificate in Education (CE: Science) programme offered by the AKU-IED. The CE: Science focuses on exposing science teachers to new and innovative methods of teaching in the lower secondary classrooms. It emphasizes the training of teachers within the real classroom, and promotes activity-based science teaching, using low-cost or no-cost materials. I chose to study, in depth, the case of a male teacher, Abdul Sattar, from the Goodwill Government School, Karachi, who had completed his CE: Science last year. The data was gathered through interviews, classroom observations, and post observation meetings. The head teacher's interview, and informal conversations with students, also formed a part of the data. The major findings of the study are those the CE: Science does help change the classroom practice of the teacher, to a small extent. The participant's practice showed that he had perceptibly changed his attitude towards lesson planning, and now engaged in effective planning, where he actively searched for common everyday materials to use in classroom activities in science teaching. He also used demonstration as a method of bringing “alive” science for his students, and engaged in effective questioning, to engage the students. This resulted in enhanced students' motivation and participation in the classroom. Another important result of the CE: Science was that the teacher gave up corporal punishment and started using other means to reprimand, and to motivate students. The teacher also became aware of his need for updating content knowledge and pedagogical skills, and he has, since then, participated enthusiastically in professional development programmes, conducted by the Sindh Government. However, Abdul Sattar faces severe challenges in terms of lack of resources, shortage of teachers, heavy workload and overcrowded classrooms. The lack of parental involvement in school activities, the bureaucratic system and the rigid nature of the school culture are also inhibiting factors for change to occur.