Home > The Constitution Amendments in the Original Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973. its Effects & Legal Challenges: A Comparative Study
The Constitution Amendments in the Original Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973. its Effects & Legal Challenges: A Comparative Study
Pakistan whose history since the day of independence (i.e., 1947), is replete with dismissal of the elected governments and impositions of martial laws that ruled the country for over a period of 30 years, under Ayub Khan (1958-1969); Yahya Khan (1969-1971); Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto [as Civilian Martial Law Administrator] (1971-1972); Zia-ul-Haq (1977- 1988) and Parvez Musharraf (1999-2008), respectively. It is undeniable historical fact that in all these unfortunate scenarios, the matters relating to imposition of martial laws, whenever came under discussion before the honorable apex Courts, in most of those cases, the judicial verdicts, pronounced from time to time, not only seems to be leaned towards upholding the imposition of Martial Laws but also self-contained elements of the injustice therein too; whereby prima facie the honorable apex Court(s) while over stepping their prescribed constitutional limits unfortunately allowed the military dictator(s) to effect the constitutional amendments as per their own sweet whims and desire. The matter does not end here, rather, whenever the issue relating to the dictatorial Act’s, Ordinances, Martial Law Regulations or Amendments etc., if came before the successive Parliament(s) of its time, the constitutional history of Pakistan again reveals an ugly image of its kinds, whereby not only all those Acts, Ordinances, Martial Law Regulations or Amendments as the case may be; which were either made or introduced into the Constitution as such got indemnified/validated by the Parliamentarians or subsequently given the legal shelter/protections through cover of Constitutional Amendment Acts; that too, without introduction of even a slightest change therein. It is worth to mention here, that while focusing the military expeditions; endure would also be made in examining all those Constitutional Amendments too, which had/have purely been brought into the Constitution by the Politicians (ruling parties) themselves, with their hidden object to strengthen their respective offices, while shifting the centre of powers from the office of Parliament to that of the office of a Sole Party Head (who may even be a non-elected member too) of the ruling party. Besides above, endeavors would also be made to put light on those Constitutional Amendments too, which has been made part of the Constitution in order to serve/protect the interest of Judiciary as well. In nut shell the thesis would be examining the effects of all such amendments, which had particularly de-shaped/disfigured the overall Constitutional Schemes of the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973. Most importantly, the relevant constitutional and legal issues would be highlighted and discussed in its chronological orders vis-a-vis the Constitutional Amendments made from day one till so far; besides above efforts would be made to pinpoint the circumstances which had actually given an unbridled license to the military dictators (i.e., through the judgments rendered by the apex Courts) or to the politicians or likewise to the apex Courts, as the case may be, to put their personal wishes/whims over the wishes/whims of the general masses, particularly, when the Social Binding Contract (i.e., Constitution) to which they subjugated is grossly mutilated by such military/civilian usurper’s commands. At last the research would be concluded with solution to settle down the dilemma which cropped up due to mutual connivance of the Judicial, Military and Politicians understandings, while risking the social & legal norms of the society at large.
ڈاکٹر یوسف حسین خاں افسوس ہے گذشہ مہینہ ڈاکٹر یوسف حسین خاں بھی راہی ملک بقا ہوگئے۔ مرحوم ڈاکٹر ذاکر حسین صاحب مرحوم کے برادرخورد تھے اوران کی طرح بڑی خوبیوں اورکمالات کے بزرگ تھے۔جامعہ ملیہ اسلامیہ سے گریجویٹ ہونے کے بعد فرانس گئے اورپیرس یونیورسٹی سے پی ایچ۔ڈی کی ڈگری حاصل کی۔ان کا اصل مضمون تاریخ اورسیاست تھا اوراسی کے وہ جامعۂ عثمانیہ حیدرآباد میں پروفیسر تھے، لیکن ان کاانگریزی، فرنچ اورفارسی و اردو کے ادب وشعر کا مطالعہ نہایت وسیع اورتنقیدی ذوق اعلیٰ اورپختہ تھاچنانچہ ان کی کتابیں ’اردو غزل‘،’روح ِاقبال و حافظ‘، اردو لٹریچر میں شاہکار کی حیثیت رکھتی ہیں۔ فرانسیسی ادب اورغالب پربھی ان کی کتابیں ہیں۔دوکتابیں ہندوستان کے اسلامی عہد پر انگریزی میں ہیں۔اب آخر میں غالبؔ کے کلام کو انگریزی میں ترجمہ کررہے تھے۔ کرنل بشیر حسین زیدی علی گڑھ کے وائس چانسلر ہوئے تو انھوں نے مرحوم کو پرووائس چانسلر کے عہدہ پرعلی گڑھ بلایا، لیکن ۱۹۶۵ء میں نواب علی یاورجنگ سے نہ بنی تو مستعفی ہوکر دہلی چلے آئے اورنظام الدین اولیا میں ایک فلیٹ کرایہ پرلے کر رہنے لگے۔چند سال شملہ انسٹیٹیوٹ میں بھی فیلو رہے۔ عقائد کے معاملہ میں کٹر مسلمان تھے، طبعاً نہایت شریف،خوش اخلاق اور سنجیدہ وملنسار بزرگ تھے اﷲ تعالیٰ مغفرت وبخشش کی نعمتوں سے نوازے۔ [مارچ۱۹۷۹ء]
هدفت الدراسة إلى تسليط الضوء على نماذج من القصص القرآني، باعتباره قصصا حقق غايات سامية في إطار ما صُوِّرَ من المواقف والأحداث، وما تضمنه من معنى، وكان ذلك مثلا أعلى في عرض حقائق التاريخ، وفي الإشارة إلى معالم تاريخ البشرية، وصور سلوكها، وتأمل مواقف الأمم. ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة استخدمت الباحثة مقاربة تحليلية تتغيا تفكيك الظواهر ودراستها دراسة تفصيلية. وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج أهمها أن القصص القرآني يستدعي الحدث التاريخي من أعماق الزمن، ويجمعه من وجوه الأرض، ليعرضه على الحياة من جديد، في صور العظة والعبرة، وأنه يبعث الحدث التاريخي بعثا جديدا، ويجعله حيا بعد أن كان ميتا، بأسلوب شائق ومضمون فائق. وأوصت الدراسة بمجموعة من التوصيات أهمها: أن النص القرآني يفيض بالعجيب المدهش الذي أوقفه الحق سبحانه على رسله وأنبيائه، هذا العجيب الضارب في الاستغلاق، والمتجاوز لحدود العقل والمعقول، ما هو إلا استعراض لمظاهر القوة الربانية الخارقة لمألوف البشر.
الكلمات المفتاحية: القصص القرآني، العجيب، الحدث التاريخي، الحدث المقدس.
By having the knowledge of mineral status of animals, the various measures should be taken to improve the mineral status by supplementation of minerals as nutrition to the animals. The three animal research farms at three districts (Bhakkar, Khushab and Kasur) of Punjab were selected for sampling purpose. The totals of one hundred and eighty buffaloes were grouped into three categories, (lactating, non-lactating and pregnant). The samples of soil, forage, water, animal milk, blood plasma, hair, urine and feces were collected from all experimental sites. The concentration of minerals (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, iron, manganese, selenium, nickel, cobalt, lead and cadmium) of all collected samples was determined by wet digestion and atomic absorption spectrometer and serum biochemicals (urea, glucose, creatinine, albumin, globulin, total protein, cholesterol, hormones: leutinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and progesterone, vitamins-D & E and enzymes: Alanine transaminase, Aspartate transaminase, Alkaline phosphatase and Lactate dehydrogenase) were also estimated by biochemical tests. The mineral levels of all collected samples were compared to their corresponding values to find mineral imbalances in experimental animals. It was estimated that the levels of Fe, Cu, Ni, Co, Mn, Pb, Cd and Zn were found to be imbalanced in some lactating, non-lactating and pregnant buffaloes.All experimental animals were divided into two groups after estimating mineral levels in collected sample of animals, the group of animals which had normal level of minerals in their blood serum are said to be healthy group HG of animals and the group which had mineral imbalance in blood serum are called affected group of animals. The affected group of animals was further divided into untreated group UG and treated group TG of animals. The HG and UG groups were provided normal diet. The total eleven mineral complexes of glycine and methionine were synthesized by using glycine and methionine amino acids as well as salts of required metals for those affected buffaloes which had mineral imbalances and these complexes were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy before their supplementation to the animals with physiological variations. The trials of supplementing synthesized mineral complexes with rats were also conducted to protect the large ruminants from toxic levels of metals. The TG group of buffaloes all categories were provided by the required synthesized amino acid mineral complexes along with normal diet for duration of thirty days. The level of minerals in all the samplesof HG, UG and TG groups of buffaloes as well as in soil, forage and water were estimated. The selected blood biomarkers were also determined in these animals. The data for different attributes was subjected to a statistical analysis using the Chi Square Test to check the relationship between qualitative variables. In present study the results showed the level of albumin was higher in lactating and pregnant animals of Bhakkar, but that of globulin lower in those of TG groups of animals in Kasur. In Khushab and Bhakkar, the decreased levels of creatinine and glucose in pregnant and non-lactating animals of TG groups of animals. The value of total protein was higher in both lactating and nonlactating animals of TG groups in Khushab. The levels of vitamin-D and E were found to be higher in lactating and non-lactating animals at three districts, while reverse was true for pregnant animals. The lactating and non-lactating animals of TG group had higher levels of cholesterol, but lower level of urea in Bhakkar. The non-lactating animals of TG group had higher levels of LH, FSH and progesterone, in Khushab. The values of ALT and LDH were increased in both lactating and pregnant animals of TG group in Khushab, while lower value of AST was found in lactating animals and reverse was true for serum level of ALP in Kasur. The level of biomarkers was affected by mineral levels. The Zn and Ni levels in blood-serum, hair, milk, urine of lactating animals of TG groups were found to be higher significantly. The levels of Fe, Mn and Pb were lower in blood, higher in hair and milk of pregnant animals of TG group in Kasur. The levels of Co and Cd were higher in blood and feces of pregnant animals of Khushab. While Se level was higher in blood and feces and lower in hair and urine of lactating and pregnant animals. The body weight and milk yield of lactating and pregnant animals was increased going towards normality in TG groups of animals after mineral supplementation. It was concluded that by supplementing the selected organic mineral complexes, the levels of biochemicals were changed towards normality to regulate the animal body metabolism properly and in this way their reproductive potential also increase. The metal of these complexes play a central role to maintain structure and mechanism of various metalloenzymes in animal body. These complexes are more water soluble, more bioavailable, and more efficiently used in animal body metabolism. Thus the quality of meat, milk, cheese and wool etc of live stock might be improved and environment may also be protected by reducing metal pollution. These animals are important to improve the rural economy and used to improve the revenue of the poor people.