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The Construction of Femininities in the Discourse of Pakistani Womens Magzines

Thesis Info

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Author

Sheikh, Asmat Ara

Program

PhD

Institute

Bahauddin Zakariya University

City

Multan

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

English Language & Literature

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/9763/1/Asmat_Ara_Sheikh_English_2016_BZU_Multan.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725082151

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The present research aims at analyzing the kinds of ideology and / or femininity offered in two Pakistani women’s magazines (KHAWATEEN DIGEST and SHE MAGAZINE) through Feminist Research Methods. The primary objective of this work is to deconstruct the discourses of these women’s magazines as linguistic and semiotic constructs which represent femininity in specific ways through socially constructed ideals. This study is stimulated by the researcher’s project of M. Phil thesis (2003) entitled ‘A Study in the Discourse of Advertising,’ in which the advertisements in the two English magazines (MAG and SHE) were dominated by the female images. Moreover, these advertisements were not only exploiting the language but also sexualizing women to achieve their political aims. The present study is a comparative analysis of the femininities constructed in the Pakistani women’s magazines. The area and the scope of the research has been broadened by including the complete text of the two women’s magazines (one Urdu, KHAWATEEN DIGEST and the one English, SHE MAGAZINE).The choice of English and Urdu magazines provided an interesting, rich and varied data, as different world views, ideologies and cultural beliefs about femininities are encoded in languages differently. This dissertation will also find out the impact of the discourses presented in these two magazines on the readers. To investigate the difference in the impact of the discourses presented in these two magazines the researcher selected the method of purposive sampling. Two questionnaires (one for each magazine under study) were constructed for the population of four different age groups: from 18 to 28, from 29 to 39, from 40 to 50 and from 51 to 60 years. These questionnaires measured the educational, marital and social statuses of the population and consisted of twenty items each. For close-ended items of the questionnaires, data were analyzed quantitatively by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences), whereas a quantitative analysis of the open-ended items was made by reviewing the responses through Feminist Research Methods mainly. In order to uncover the ways in which the linguistic and semiotic codes are manipulated for the construction and dissemination of the ideologies about femininities in the discourses of both the magazines, the specific portions of the contents of these magazines were analyzed qualitatively by following Feminist Research Methods. The findings indicated that the age, educational, marital and social statuses of the readers were significantly affecting the readership. The element of escapism from the world of reality was more stressed by the readers of KHAWATEEN DIGEST and it was admitted that the escapism resulted in the feeling of relaxation, calm and relief. The English magazine on the other hand, was found to offer more entertainment and a large variety of ideas about everything related to women. The findings also revealed that both the magazines (KHAWATEEN DIGEST and SHE MAGAZINE) were constructing dissimilar ideologies about femininities for women to pursue: the Urdu magazine was offering very constrained sets of femininities based on traditional and patriarchal representations of female images whereas the English magazine was constructing the ideologies of modernity, glamour, independence and empowerment of women. This was an academic research and the investigator tried to observe the patterns of discourses in magazines and the readers’ involvement in them. This research can be augmented from different perspectives in future investigations. For instance, the research may inquire to establish the change in particular magazine over a period of time or it could also help in sensitizing and raising awareness among the academicians and the general public about this issue: the hidden assumptions about femininities in the discourses of Pakistani women magazines.
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شاعرانہ رنگ

شاعرانہ رنگ

                وہ بذات خود کیونکہ شاعر بھی ہیں اس لیے انہوں نے اپنے ناول میں نثر کے ساتھ ساتھ اپنی شاعرانہ طبیعت کو بھی زندہ رکھا ہے۔ نثر میں ان کا اندازبہت سادہ اور صاف ہے۔ نفیس طریقے سے لکھے گئے جملے سیدھے دل میں اترتے ہوئے محسوس ہوتے ہیں۔ بالکل ویسے ہی جیسے ان کے دل و دماغ سے نکلے ہوئے ہوں۔

                اپنی شاعرانہ طبیعت کے پیش نظر انہوں نے اپنی تخلیقی قوتوں سے ناول میں اپنی شاعری کے جوہر دکھائے ہیں اور ناول کے حسن کو چار چاند لگا دیئے ہیں اور ناول میں جہاں جزئیات نگاری سے کام لیا گیا ہے۔ طوالت کو مد نظر رکھا گیا ہے وہاں شاعری سے ٹھندی ہوا جیسی طراوت محسوس ہوتی ہے۔ نو لکھی کوٹھی میں شامل ایک نظم، جس نے سارا ماحول بدل کر رکھ دیا، اس کا کچھ حصہ ملاحظہ ہو:

"نومبر ہمیشہ اداس ہوتا ہے

رکا ہوا، مطمئن اور بے نیاز

اس کی وادی میں صبح ہوتی ہے، دوپہر سہ پہر

پھر شام آ جاتی ہے

مگر دھوپ کا مزاج نہیں بدلتا

آسمان کی طرح پر وقار بزرگی والا

زندگی نومبر کی طرح نہیں

زندگی بدلتی ہے، متواتر بدلتی ہے

وہ تجھے نومبر میں نہیں رہنے دے گی

دھوپ غبار آلود ہو جائے گی

 صاف نظر آنے والی چیزیں دھندلا جائیں گی

پھر سیاہ ہو جائیں گی

پھر اندھیرا کھا جائے گا

اس وقت جب میں نہیں ہوں گا

دوست کوشش کرنا نومبر نہ گزرے

تشکیل معاشرہ میں تصوف کی بنیاد اخلاق حسنہ کا کردارایک تحقیقی مطالعہ

Almighty sent his chosen prophets to every Ummah to teach them the lesson of goodness and to avoid evil. The purposes of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) were reform processes: to teach and guide, and pushed the people to Almighty Allah. According to the narrative in Islamic law, everyone's either Muslim or non-Muslim, relative or/neighbor has determined the right to live things. And good conduct is that because Abdullah bin Mubarak said That is, "Meeting old habits, doing righteousness, and forbidding people to hurt you". If human behavior is good then its own life will also pass through fortune and joy, and it will also be the mercy and chain of things for others. Collective relations, interacting with the recipients, and the Family system, is proven to be a source of intelligence. The result of the happy moral is Reality and Heaven of Arman al-Rahman, and the fulfillment of the Prophecy is the wrath of Lord Koran and the Fire of Hell.  

Sampled-Data Ltv Regulation Using Reconstruction Observer

Sampled-data output feedback regulation for continuous time varying system is discussed in this dissertation. The continuous time varying system is generally referred as plant. The plant output asymptotically tracks a continuous reference signal generated by an exogenous system. It is assumed that only the sampled-output of both plant and reference signals are available for measurement. The problem is to design a continuous-time (non-impulsive) reconstruction observer for both plant and exogenous system states estimation followed by a continuous-time controller to achieve ripple free smooth regulation. The design of reconstruction observer is based on two proposed observer schemes named mainly in accordance of their functionality that is current impulsive observer and prediction impulsive observer. This insight to the problem leads to an innovative idea of continuous (non-impulsive) reconstruction observer with the fusion of two impulsive observer designed under well-defined weighting function. A comprehensive convergence analysis of the proposed observer is presented for stable, unstable and highly unstable continuous-time linear time varying systems. The application of reconstruction (non-impulsive) observer for sampled data regulation without ripple is explored for linear time varying system. Augmented stability analysis is proposed for closed loop system. The overall scheme is iv demonstrated with the help of linear time varying system. Subsequently, single input single output feedback linearizable nonlinear system regulation is investigated in the frame work of suggested theory of non-impulsive observers. The proposed novel observer design not only provides state estimates but also performs feedback linearization for a nonlinear system. This ultimately leads to a non-impulsive continuous-time sampled-data regulation without ripples for a nonlinear system. A stability analysis is carried out while considering the model uncertainties of a nonlinear system as a non-vanishing perturbation. An example of a third order nonlinear system illustrates the efficacy of proposed design methodology.