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Home > The Determinants of Corporate Financial Flexibility: Empirical Evidence from Listed Firms in Pakistan

The Determinants of Corporate Financial Flexibility: Empirical Evidence from Listed Firms in Pakistan

Thesis Info

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External Link

Author

Mahmood, Yasin

Program

PhD

Institute

International Islamic University

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad.

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Finance

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12176/1/Yasin%20Mahmood%20Finance%202019%20iiui%20prr.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725083865

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Financial flexibility is an emerging area of study both, in developing as well as developed economies. In previous studies, researchers examined the financial flexibility from various aspects and used its various measures, but there are some important aspects, which have not been examined yet. For example, there is no consensus regarding a well-defined measure of financial flexibility, what are the various internal and external determinants of financial flexibility? How financial flexibility can be affected by variation in corporate governance setting etc. The objectives of this study are to examine the various measures of financial flexibility to identify an appropriate measure, and to identify various factors that determine firms’ financial flexibility. These factors are categorized as firm specific financial, corporate governance characteristics and country specific dynamics. The moderating effects of ownership concentration, managerial ownership, group affiliation, life cycle stage and CEO duality were also studied. Several measures of financial flexibility, such low leverage, spare debt capacity, cash holdings, Altman z score, modified z score and cash flow volatility were used to identify and analyze firm and country specific factors. The examination of this study was carried out by using unbalanced panel data of 193 non-financial listed firms in Pakistan Stock Exchange. The panel logistic regression applied for analysis over the period of 1991 to 2014.The data was collected from the annual financial statements of firms, World Bank database and State Bank of Pakistan. This study also differentiated and categorized the different sources and measures of financial flexibility and found that financial flexibility in the form of low leverage, modified Altman z score, Altman z score, are the first, second and third best measures of financial flexibility. Spare debt capacity, cash flow volatility and cash holding are the remaining good measures of financial flexibility respectively. The findings of the study indicate that firm specific financial, corporate governance related non-financial factors and country specific factors affect the corporate financial flexibility. Firms strive to attain and maintain the financial flexibility. Among firm specific factors, size of firm, tangibility, dividend, and age of the firm are the most significant determinants of financial flexibility. Among country specific factors, interest rate, inflation, equity market development and banking sector development are significant determinants of financial flexibility. However, equity market development is more economically and statistically more significant than banking sector development. The moderating effect of ownership concentration, managerial ownership, group affiliation, life cycle stage of firm and CEO duality were also studied. It was found that these variables have direct impact on FF and they moderate the relationship between firm specific factors and financial flexibility. Among these moderator life cycle stages, managerial ownership, and group affiliation are the most significant moderating variables. Overall, this study provides the evidence that FF measured by low leverage, spare debt capacity, cash holdings, Altman z score, modified z score and cash flow volatility may be affected by firm specific and country specific factors. Among all proxies of financial flexibility, low leverage and spare debt capacity were the most important and significant measures and sources of financial flexibility. These results are robust across alternative measures of financial flexibility.
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مولانا سید صباح الدین عبدالرحمن

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Running Musharakah Product of Islamic Banks: An Alternative of Running Finance

Islamic banking system is growing day by day. The new era of Islamic banking is very successful as new products are being introduced by Islamic banks to cater the demands of customer under Shariah guidelines, there was demand of a product for working capital as an alternative to the conventional product of running finance. Running Musharakah Product has been introduced as substitute to Running Finance Product. In this paper the concept of Running Finance as well as Running Musharakah is described, the practical steps of running Musharakah are also illustrated to examine the viability of the product.

Pakistan-Us Alliance: Towards a Framework for Strategic Gap Analysis of Foreign Policy Interests 2001-2014

A review of the literature on security alliances reveals the fact that scholars have devoted more attention to issues concerning the formation of alliances with a scant focus on the management and termination of alliances. Yet the large number of constraints and failures suggest that the practice of alliance management is not always in synch with the understanding of alliance formation which points towards a serious knowledge gap between the two. The purpose of this research was to narrow that gap with a focus on issues which arise as a result of conflicting vital national interests of partners in an alliance that create serious constraints in effectively practicing the management of the same with the Pakistan-US alliance post 9/11 as a case study. Although the incidents of 9/11brought Pakistan and the US into the fold of yet another military alliance where Pakistan remained a front line ally of the US in the war on terror but there seemed to be a fundamental difference in the way the two countries viewed their alliance relationship. This research, therefore, is primarily concerned with the gaps that may occur at the management stage of an alliance between what is promised and what is actually delivered by the partners in a security alliance in a situation where tiers of national interests of partners in a bilateral alliance setting are involved. It is suggested that the idea of “expectation-delivery gap” in the backdrop of conflicting national interests provides a number of insights into the complex nature of modern security alliances without which the management of the same may not be effective. At the conceptual level, a conceptual framework – the Alliance Interest Management (AIM) framework – is developed based on various concepts including the newly-developed concept called the “Role Dilemma” to serve as a guide for the analyst to comprehensively go about studying different areas vital to the understanding of issues involved in the management of an alliance within the parameters of attempts to contribute to the existing body of knowledge on alliance scholarship for better management of alliance relationships. At the methodological level, this research seeks to import the concepts of “strategic gap analysis” from the organizational studies and the life-cycle approach which are built into the AIM Framework and explores their implications for helping scholars and statesmen understand the gaps between the alliance formation and the actual practice of alliance management in their foreign policy endeavors. At the empirical level, the AIM framework was used to collect data by conducting In-depth Interviews (IDIs) with members of policy community, think tanks and academia. The Pak-US alliance is mainly considered an ‘Uneven Alliance’ because of having different and clashing alliance interests. The US objective was to eliminate Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan but its strategic shift to eliminating Taliban, one of the strategic interests of Pakistan, and other militant groups in Pakistan’s territory disturbed the harmony of the alliance. The expansion of the alliance scope from counterterrorism to counterinsurgency became the stumbling block for Pakistan because of its military’s lack of capacity, competency and experience to handle and manage an unfamiliar terrain. The expansion of alliance scope resulted in a clash of interests as well between the two countries where the US kept insisting on the ‘do more’ mantra while Pakistan was not willing to pursue the ever-expanding alliance objectives with the new US demands and expectations from Pakistan in areas which involved its vital national interests. Moreover, joining the alliance as a convenience/compulsion, not having the common adversary as alliance partners, the absence of institutionalized alliance governance structures and written alliance agreement, the expansion of alliance objectives (scope) together with a host of other issues paved the way for the expectation-delivery strategic gap/s which erupted into non-cooperation, discordance and a lack of coherence in the alliance. The alliance between the US and Pakistan suffered from these ailments. Both the countries entered the alliance with different sets of skills, competencies and expectations due to which they estimated and measured net-gains and values of alliance differently. Problems arose when partners’ expectations differed from each other and they were perceived to be unrealistic. This generated different levels of commitment to alliance relationship.