Direct instruction is one specific model of teacher-directed, explicit instruction. Direct Instruction (DI) is an approach for teaching that emphasizes well-developed and carefully planned lessons designed around small learning increments and clearly defined and prescribed teaching tasks. ''It is based on the theory that clears instruction and elimination of misinterpretations can greatly improve and accelerate student learning''. In the direct instruction approach, teacher’s role is to pass facts, rules, or action sequences to students in as direct way as possible. It is especially useful for teaching well structured subjects like mathematics, English grammar etc. The components of direct instruction include informing the students of learning objectives, activating their prerequisite knowledge, explaining the new topic in small and sequential steps, providing sufficient supervised practice and giving immediate feedback followed by independent practice in the form of seatwork and homework. Direct instruction approach has attracted worldwide attention of research scientists at all levels of education and in all subject areas. The results mostly favor the effectiveness of this approach. In Pakistan, this approach is still unfamiliar to practitioners in education, including teaching English language at the secondary and higher secondary level. ''The study was designed to investigate the effects of direct instruction model on intermediate class achievement in and attitudes towards English grammar''. The objectives of the study were to measure the achievement of the experimental group and control group after providing treatment of direct instruction to the experimental group, to measure the attitude of the experimental group and control group after providing treatment of direct instruction to the experimental group, to compare the achievement of the experimental group with the control group, to compare the attitude of the experimental group and control group towards English grammar after providing treatment of direct instruction, to compare the effect of direct instruction on the retention of students in English grammar. xviTo achieve the above-mentioned objectives, 11 null hypotheses were formulated and tested. The sample of the study comprised 52 1 st year students who were matched on their ability in English grammar and placed into experimental group and control group on the basis of specially designed pretest. The study was conducted in Cantt College for Women Wah Cantt. A valid and reliable pretest and a posttest in English grammar was developed to measure the achievement of students in English grammar. An attitude scale was developed to measure the attitude of the student towards English grammar and administered before and after the treatment. The experimental group was taught through direct instruction approach and control group was taught as usual, through the traditional approach for the period of three months. t-test and Chi-Sqaure were applied to test the above null hypotheses and .05 was selected level of significance. The results of Direct Instruction Model were consistently better than those of traditional instruction both in terms of achievement and attitude. After an interval of six weeks, the students taught through DI also showed better retention.
جابر علی سید(۱۹۲۳ء۔۱۹۸۵ء) سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ ۱۹۴۲ء میں ادیب فاضل کیا اور بنگلور چلے گئے۔ جہاں اپنے بھائی تراب علی کے ساتھ انگریزوں کو اردوپڑھاتے رہے۔ عالمی جنگ ختم ہونے کے بعد سیالکوٹ چلے آئے۔۱۹۴۷ء میں اورینٹل کالج سے فارسی میں ایم۔اے کیا۔ اس کالج میں آپ نے ڈاکٹر سید عبداﷲ اور صوفی تبسم جیسے اساتذہ سے کسبِ فیض کیا۔ ۱۹۵۳ء میں گورنمنٹ کالج جھنگ میں فارسی کے لیکچرار مقرر ہوئے۔(۸۲۵)
جابر علی سید ایک اچھے شاعر، ادیب، نقاد ،محقق ،ماہر لسانیات و عروض اور مشفق متواضع اُستاد تھے۔ جابر علی سید کی وفات کے بعد حمید اختر فائق نے ان کے شعری مجموعے کو ’’موجِ آہنگ ‘‘کے نام سے ۱۹۹۹ء میں مرتب کر کے شائع کیا۔
جابر علی سید کے دور کے شعرا صنفِ نظم میں شاعری کر رہے تھے۔ آزاد شاعری کے لیے نئے نئے تجربات کیے جارہے تھے۔ جابر نے بھی نظم میں خیالات و افکار کو ڈھالنا شروع کر دیا تھا۔ نظم کے ساتھ آپ نے غزل کو بھی اپنایا۔ آپ غزل کی فطری دلکشی ،اس کی اہمیت و افادیت سے پوری طرح واقف تھے۔اس لیے آپ نے غزل گوئی کو ذریعہ اظہار بنایا۔ ان کی پہلی غزل ادبی دنیا میں شائع ہوئی۔(۸۲۶)آپ نے اردو غزل میں ہیئت اور بحر کے نئے نئے تجربے کیے۔ اس لیے کہ آپ علم عروض سے دلچسپی رکھتے تھے۔ آپ نے اردو میں بعض بحروں کو روشناس کروایا۔ آپ نے اپنی غزلوں میں نئے الفاظ، نئے محاورے اور نئی ترکیبیں استعمال کیں۔ اُن کی غزلوں میں اُن کی شخصیت کی بہت سی داخلی کیفیات اور ان کے شعور و لا شعور میں اٹھنے والے ہنگاموں اور طوفانوں کا ذکرملتا ہے۔انھوں نے اپنی شاعری میں زبان کی صفائی ،شائستگی اور عمدگی پر پوری توجہ دی۔ جب وہ مروجہ لفظوں کے ساتھ ساتھ نئی تراکیب اور...
The obeisance of Holy Prophet (S. A. W) is the path of forgiveness and essential component of faith. Therefore, the series of preservations of, (RA) Sahabah by continued is (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Prophet Holy of actions and sayings the followers of Ṣaḥābah and Scholars of the Ummah. For worldly and eternal saving, disciplined efforts were carried out in order to preserve this series. This methodology of preservation with extreme care and technique is exemplary. The process for collection of Hadith was initiated and shaped into books and volumes. It is due to the dignified status of Hadith that Allah created such individuals who preserved the sayings of Holy Prophet (ﷺ) with religious fervor, zeal, honesty and great care. In this article meaningful analysis has been given for such important terminologies which convey technically internal characteristics of the series of books and are a great source of literary beauty. In this connection, terminologies and their meanings represent reflection of each other. The basis of these terminologies is not only on estimated ideas but on the literary and intellectual facts. These are not only according to the time and age but also historical and geographical according to the need of hour and circumstances. From Muḥaddithīn’s point of view, these collections have certain benefits and purposes due to which they kept naming them. The brief, simple and understandable words of terminologies are common; however, their purpose is not common. It is distinguished and extra ordinary. The words used in terminologies are not special but purpose is not to express application. Their contextual meaning is taken under consideration instead of the literal one.
The infection of liver is known as hepatitis. It is observed that more than 2
billion people got life-threatening sickness due to HBV and more than 230-300
million people suffered from HCV around the globe. The present study dealt with
200 samples that were collected from rural and urban population of Muzaffarabad
AJ&K. Both male and female genders of 15-70 years of age were included in the
sample collection process. For detection of the presence of virus, initially ICT
method was used for 200 samples. Among them only 11 sample from rural and 29
samples from urban population showed positive results of hepatitis virus B and C.
Those samples were further confirmed for viral DNA and cDNA by using nested
PCR. After performing nested PCR 1 (1%) individual of HBV and 4(4%)
individuals of HCV were found PCR positive from rural and urban population.
During gel electrophoresis the band size 230bp of HBV and 215bp of HCV were
obtained on gel. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analysis was done after gene
sequencing of PCR positive HBV and HCV samples. There were 99% resemblance
of both HBV and HCV DNA sequence to the sequences present in Genbank by
using NCBI Blast. By using MEGA7 program, phylogenetic tree was constructed
and average pair wise mean distance obtained of HBV was 0.0037 and 0.23 of
HCV. Moreover, the statistical analysis of the study showed risk factors assessment
results from different carriers e.g., haircut from barber shops and local clinics. They
gave significant values p=<0.0001 and p=<0.0001 respectively for spread of HBV
and HCV in the studied population. The final results of study showed that the risk
factor of hepatitis virus B and C was higher in urban population rather than in rural
population.