Human beings are social animals who want to live together to stabilize themselves. This results in the creation of family institution. Family is the first socializing agency for children and the most important institution which has a strong influence on the overall development of its members. There are various types of families, but, the most important and most prevalent of all are nuclear and joint families. Both nuclear and joint families have a strong influence on the overall development of students of all levels. But, elementary students are more prone to the family system variables. Therefore, the study investigated the effect of nuclear and joint family system on the moral development of elementary students. Nuclear family is a type of family in which there are husband, wife and their unmarried children, whereas, in joint family, there are husband, wife, their married and unmarried children and sometimes the in-laws. The objectives of the study were: (i) to investigate the effect of nuclear and joint family systems on the moral development of elementary students; (ii) to find out the effect of gender on the moral development of elementary students belonging to the nuclear and joint family systems; (iii) to explore the effect of rural and urban locations on the moral development of elementary students of nuclear and joint family systems; and (iv) to determine the effect of family size on the moral development of elementary students from nuclear and joint family systems. All the 222,944 elementary students, both boys and girls of the five districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa i.e. Dir Lower, Malakand, Mardan, Haripur and Dera Ismail Khan constituted the population of the study. A sample of 384 elementary students was randomly selected through cluster sampling. Kohlberg’s Moral Judgment Interview Form A was used to collect data from the sample of the study. xvi The collected data were analyzed through percentage, t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The findings of the study rejected the proposed hypotheses. The results revealed that there were significant correlations among major variables of the study. Family system was found to have significant influence on the moral development of elementary students. The elementary students of joint families were morally better than their counterparts from nuclear families. The gender of elementary students had significant effect as far as the moral development of elementary students was concerned. The students of rural areas were morally more developed than those of urban areas. Similarly, students from large family size were morally better than those of small sized families. On the basis of conclusions, it was recommended that parents should give more attention and time to their families, especially, to the nuclear families in order to improve the moral standards of their children.
In Islamic legislation Ijtihad plays an important role and has central position in the whole process. Demands of life change day by day thus it become necessary to take on the structural review of Islamic laws keeping in mind the spirit and discipline of Islamic. Ijtihad thus play as a perfect tool for legislation. Regarding fatawas the jurists followed the methodologies of companions, tabieen, and taba Tabaeen. In cases in which they did not find any legal opinion of their teachers related to a specific problem they themselves tried to find out the solution for that problem from the relevant Texts and formulate their own fatawa. In Pakistan the Judiciary that performs the task of interpretation for law-making, Majlis-e-Shura and various Ulama are exercising the job of Ifta. The Council of Islamic Ideology is the official legislative body of fatawa. Taqleed is also an acceptable mode of legislation whose proofs are evident from Quran and Sunnah. It has been used as a source of legislation in Pakistan as well. In constitution of Pakistan article 189 and 201 are related to Taqlid. Article 189 and 201 makes the decisions of Supreme Court binding on all courts and the High court judgments binding on all subordinate courts. Thus the legislative process in Islam employs the methods of Ijtihad, Ifta and Taqlid as a perfect tool of legislation.
To cope with the exponential growth in telecommunication traffic, next generation optical networks emerge as viable solution due to its ability of unlimited bandwidth , high data rates and low cost. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is the core technology used in the long haul high capacity optical transmission. In long-haul high capacity optical transmission systems, the signal degrades due to two major impairments of linear and non-linear issues which severely degrade the transmission performance of the optical transmission system. The non-linearity of optical transmission is arguably the most significant factor which is limiting the capacity of modern-wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical network- system. The nonlinear effect of the fiber introduces complex distortions into the transmitted optical- waveforms, producing non-linear interference among WDM channels, which diminishes the receiver’s capability, limits the transmission reach and achievable data rates. The infrastructure of non-linear factors and understanding of their impacts on optical system performance are therefore key components in the efficient design of long-haul, high capacity and high data rate optical fiber communications system. In this dissertation we formulate linear and non-linear impairments for long-haul and high capacity optical transmission network and also to develop a less-complex and cost-effective model of optical-transmission based on mathematical linear and non-linear interference. The postulatory model is validated by using simulation of key non-linear factors such as effective area, launch power, nonlinear refractive index and fiber length. The transmission performance of the high-capacity long-haul optical network has been analyzed on the basis of some key parameters such as bit error rate and optical signal to noise ratio. Mitigation of non-linear impairments shows significant impact on transmission performances of high capacity long-haul optical networks. iv The impact of major non-linearity in optical fiber such as SRS (Stimulated Raman Scattering) and Four Wave Maxing (FWM) in wavelength division multiplexing optical long-haul and high speed data rate transmission scheme have been investigated at different data rates. The proposed model is analyzed based on different data rate such as 10Gbps, 40Gbps and 100Gbps per channel. The research work has also investigated transmission performances for different modulation formats such as Non Return to Zero, Return to Zero, Carrier Suppressed Return to Zero and Duo binary RZ formats. 16*100 Gbps multichannel technique is used with 200GHz channel spacing. The simulations are analyzed for different values of input power, length of fiber, non linear refractive index, non-linear dispersion and non-linear effective area for all above mentioned modulation formats. To evaluate the effect of modulation format Fiber Bragg Gratting, optical fiber amplifier and Dispersion Compensation Fiber techniques are enacted on the proposed optical network system. Moreover the thesis has investigated one of the major non-linear effects of FWM using the oretical model and validated through simulation in Optisystem. Two mechanisms with and without dispersion variation are investigated. FWM product for various values of launch power is investigated. The transmission performances of the proposed model is evaluated on the ba sis of Bit Error Rate (BER) , Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) and quality factor using key parameters of effective area, non-linear refractive index, non-linear dispersion and linear dispersion. Fiber-optic communication systems predominantly when employ in the non-linear regime, generally do not perform truly as theory would speculate. Hence the transmission performance of the system also explored based on power budget, power penalty and cost benefit analysis. The presume model is affirmed using important non-linear factors like effective area, launch power, received power, refractive index and length of the fiber. The power budget and transmission performance of the high capacity long haul optical network are analyzed on the basis of bit error v rate and optical signal noise to ratio against launch power, length of the fiber, effective area and non-linear refractive index. The simulation results manifest significant impact of non-linear impairments on power budget, cost benefit analysis and transmission power penalties of the high capacity long-haul optical networks.