Agriculture, Industry and Services are the major sectors of Pakistan economy. The analysis of sectoral development has an important underpinning in the policy making. The goal of this study was to present development scenario and policy implications to strap up Pakistan''s resource potential and investment to foster diversification and growth in agricultural, industrial and services sectors and to investigate the impact of key sectors on the GDP growth. Systematic econometric techniques have been applied to attain the study objectives. To accomplish the study time series data ranging 1950 to 2014 were obtained from the SBP. The study based upon four specific objectives. Stationarity analysis of time series was made by applying Augmented Dickey- Fuller and Philips - Perron unit root tests. Correlation analysis depicted positive and negative correlations among study variables. Under objective one the results of OLS estimation depicted that firstly services sector remained significant, secondly agriculture sector and thirdly industrial sector. The results revealed that services sector is to lead the economy of Pakistan. Stepwise regression was applied on fourteen sub sectors as independent variables and GDP as dependent variable to attain the suitable model for Pakistan economy. The model was selected with nine significant variables. Fisheries, forestry, mining & quarrying, construction and ownership of dwelling were found weak sub sectors of the economy. The selected model was used for forecasting analysis in subsequent section. To attain objective two Engel Granger two step method was applied. The co-efficient indicated long run relationship among the variables. The Error Correction Model’ short run coefficient was found significant and depicted convergence to long run equilibrium. The Granger causality analysis explored the existence of bidirectional causality between agriculture and GDP, bidirectional causality between industry and GDP, bidirectional causality between GDP and services sector, unidirectional causality between industry and agriculture and industry was found granger cause agriculture, bidirectional causality between agriculture and services sector and indicates unidirectional causality between industry and services sector and industry was found granger cause services. To acquire objective three, the decadal decomposition analysis carried out to examine the structural transformation in Pakistan economy. To accomplish this analysis parsimonious Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) were applied. It was observed that firstly the agricultural share to GDP declined over the study period, secondly the industrial share has increased significantly ,thirdly the share of services sector increased to greater extent, fourthly the services sector has emerged as the dominant sector .The analysis explored that over the data period regardless the changes in the political fronts, on an average, there was increasing trend in the growth of economy. The vigorous economic appearance during first four decades was observed and industrial sector remained at leading position as compared to agriculture and services sector but after 90s, the growth of services sector was higher than other sectors. The rising growth trends of services sector contributed significantly to economic development in recent decades. Under fourth objective, the forecast of the data under VAR concluded that the forecast of approximately all the sub sectors was changing its behavior from short run to long run as their source of variation has almost totally changed from short run fluctuation to long run except (Public administration & defence and transport and communication). The forecasted errors clearly indicated that in case of Pakistan there is dire need for consistent policy making that bring all the sub sectors of the economy close to each other and increase inter dependence and support for each other to boost the economy in future. The collaborative effort to promote industrial based agriculture development is required. As in the past decades due to lack of synchronized efforts to make agriculture based industrial policies both of these sectors suffered a lot. Now in the eve of new era of economic development there is need to develop dynamic industrial and agricultural policies aggressively to overcome decades long deficiencies not only in policy front but also internationally. Weak sub sectors of the economy as identified in this study needed to be focused in the new policy framework to increase their contribution in the economy.
نثری نظم اپنے تشکیلی دور سے نکل آئی ہے اور اب ایک زرخیز روایت کی مالک ہے ۔اس روایت میں فکر و خیال اور شاعرانہ اسلوب کے مظہر کئی تخلیق کار نثری نظم کے معمار ہیں اور انہی معتبر نثری نظم نگاروں کا فیض ہے کہ اکیسویں صدی میں نثری نظم میں جدید حسیات کی عکاسی ملتی ہے اور اب اسے ایک سنجیدہ اظہاریے کی سند مل چکی ہے ۔نثری نظم تخلیقی اور شعری اسلوب میں منفرد اور تازہ خیال کی شاعری ہے۔انہی صفات کی بنا پر یہ نثر کے مزاج سے مختلف ہونے پر اصرار کرتی ہے ۔یہ انفراد نثری نظم کا جواز بھی ہے ۔اسی لیے غزل اور موزوں نظم میں پہچان بنانے والے شعرا بھی نظم کو اپنا چکے ہیں ۔نثری نظم کی روایت کے لیے خوش آئند امر یہ ہے کہ نئے تخلیق کار بھی اس صنف کی روایت سے وابستہ ہو رہے ہیں ۔جن کو یہ شعور ہے کہ شاعری کے لیے وزن نہیں بلکہ شعریت شرط ہے ۔منان لطیفؔ بھی ان تازہ دم ،جواں سال و جواں فکر شعرا کی صف میں شامل ہیں جو نثری نظم کے ہم مزاج تخلیق کار ہیں اور اس نازک صنف کے تقاضوں کا ادراک رکھتے ہیں ۔ان کا تخلیقی وفور نثری نظم کے اسلوب کے سانچے میں اپنی حسیات کو شاعرانہ لہجے میں اظہارنے کی طلسم کاری سے منور ہے ۔ان کی نظمیں شعری بصیرت سے لے کر شعری اسلوب کی تشکیل کے رویوں کی عمدہ مثالیں ہیں ۔اس لیے ان نظموں کی قرأ ت کے دوران میں قاری کی ذہنی کیفیت احساس کی نئی بستیوں سے آشنا ہوتی ہے ۔یہ وہ ہنر مندی جو نثری نظم کا جواز ہے ۔اس لیے مجھے یقین ہے کہ مذکورہ اوصاف کی اساس پر منان...
Islam's entrance into the world created another part in human advancement and altered course of the history. Islamic Culture was progressively overwhelmed on the history and development in light of showing Quran, truth be told, heavenly Quran has impacted all social illicit relationships and individuals' lives. The part of Quran in history and its impacts on societies and social orders particularly, on workmanship which can be viewed as a critical achievement of human progress. Spread of Islam religion and the development of Islamic craftsmanship caused a sort of religious meeting and social association with be set up between various kinds of expressions particularly, music and Islamic customs. By and large, this paper features the interconnection between Islamic practices and story. This article demonstrates that there are different types of stories in Quran which have been produced by Islamic culture identifying with the Quran.
Date palm is an important fruit crop in the world as well as in Pakistan. It provides a rich and quick energy source to humans and also plays a significant role in the social and economic life of the people living in dry areas. Monsoon rains at the time of fruit harvesting or ripening are very harmful and heavy fruit losses occur resulting rotting, fruit drop and uneven fruit ripening. Unfortunately, in Pakistan serious losses occur due to these rains at the time of fruit harvesting/ripening. The research work reported in this manuscript was conducted in the Experimental Fruit Orchard Square Number 9 and Post Graduate Agricultural Research Station (PARS) (Latitude 31o-26´ N, Longitude 73o-06´ E and Altitude 184.4 m), Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab Province, Pakistan. In the field studies, effectiveness of ethephon application (foliar and injection) and strands thinning practices on ripening acceleration and fruit quality of date palm were investigated and found that ethephon application with spray showed superiority over injection method to accelerate the maturity and ripening processes of date fruits in both Hillawi and Khadrawi cultivars. Fruit sprayed with ethephon (4 ml/L and 2 ml/L) at final kimri and early khalal stages reached at rutab stage 13 and 6 days earlier and showed uniform fruit ripening indexes of 60.46 and 44.85% and rutab fruit yield (6.29 and 4.37 kg ) per bunch with good fruit quality composition than the untreated fruits. Second field experiment was conducted to explore the role of strands thinning on maturity enhancement and fruit quality. Strands thinning practices were carried out with following intensities (no thinning, 20% RCS (removal of central strands), 30% RCS, 20% STT (shortening of terminal tips), 30% STT, 20% RCS + 20% STT and 30% RCS + 30% STT) at early kimri stage (4 weeks after pollination). It was observed that strands thinning practices improved quality characteristics than the fruit those were untreated (without thinning) in both cultivars. Strands thinning intensity @ 30% RCS alone resulted in 10 days earlier maturity and higher rutab yield of 5.22 kg per bunch and more uniformly ripe fruit (76.28%) at rutab stage. The total soluble solids, ascorbic acid, sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose), total phenolic, total flavonoids and total antioxidants were significantly improved while titratable acidity and total tannin contents were decreased in thinned fruits. In post-harvest experiments, hot water exposures for 3 and 5 min at 65oC in Hillawi and Khadrawi cultivars reduce the fruit ripening period up to 6 days and produced uniformly ripened fruit (73.33 and 81.66%) with better quality and higher acceptability of organoleptic scores marked by the panellists as compared to 2 untreated fruit. Acetic acid @ 3% showed higher uniform ripening index of 64.24% with higher total soluble solids, sugars, total phenolic, total flavonoids, total antioxidants and organoleptic properties after incubation at 40±1oC for 72 h. In the last study different sun drying techniques were used for the curing of soft Hillawi dates. Among different sundrying techniques, SDT4 (DSE with removal in baskets and covered during night) proved good regarding the fruit quality composition such as TSS, acidity, total sugar, reducing sugar, total phenolics, total antioxidants, total flavonoids with lower amounts of total tannin contents. In conclusion, a spray application of ethephon @ 4 ml/L at final kimri stage, strands thinning @ 30% RCS alone at early kimri stage, hot water treatments at khalal stage (3 min for Hillawi and 5 min for Khadrawi) and acetic acid @ 3% at khalal stage showed better results to accelerate the fruit ripening period and produced higher index of uniformly ripe fruits with good fruit quality composition in both date palm cultivars. Among different sun-drying techniques in fruits harvested at rutab stage, SDT4 (DSE with removal in baskets and covered during night) proved good regarding the fruit quality composition in Hillawi date palm cultivar. Uniformity in ripening gave extra benefits and higher economic returns were achieved by adopting these technologies and it provided higher economic return.