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The Impact of Terrorism on the Economy of Pakistan

Thesis Info

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Author

Naz, Fariha

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Peshawar

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Economics

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/13646/1/Fariha_Naz_Economic_HSR_2018_UoP_Peshawar_03.04.2018.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725106406

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Terrorism has negatively affected growth & development and forced an intense economic burden on the economy of Pakistan. The general loss of self-assurance in economy resulting helplessness to catch the attention of foreign investors and high defense & security expenditures leads to economic distortions which further affect the economic growth and instability in the country. The objectives of the study are to analyze empirically the long run impact of terrorism on foreign direct investment and economic growth along with other macroeconomic variables (human capital, inflation rate, capital domestic investment, population growth rate, trade openness and unemployment rate and exchange rate) in Pakistan during 1980-2014. To measure the short run relationship between the dependent and independent variables of the models. To explores the influencing directions between macroeconomic variables, terrorism, economic growth and foreign direct investment of Pakistan and to make appropriate suggestions for suitable policy implementation for problems arising from the terrorism in the light of finding of the study. Both primary and secondary data have been used to achieve the desired objectives of the study. Furthermore, For checking stationarity, Unit Root Analysis (Augmented Dickey Fuller test) was used, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach to cointegration was used to detect the existence of long run relationship among the variables, and for short run relationship, an Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) was estimated. Vector Auto Regression (VAR) was used to summarized the causality among terrorism, economic growth and foreign direct investment. The Impulse Response Function (IRF) and the variance decomposition was used to analyze the dynamic impact of the random errors on the variable’s system. The main findings of the study are; all the variables except foreign direct investment, terrorist attacks and economic growth are non-stationary at level but at first difference they became stationary. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach to cointegration estimation reveals a long term relationship amongst the (i) economic growth and Independent Variables i.e. terrorist attacks, foreign direct investment, human capital, inflation rate, capital domestic investment, population growth rate, trade openness and unemployment rate (ii) foreign direct investment and Independent Variables i.e. terrorist attacks, economic growth, human capital, inflation rate, capital domestic investment, trade openness and exchange rate; for the time period of 1980-2014. Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) models validates that there exists a short run equilibrium relationship among the variables. And the sign of coefficients of terrorist attacks and human capital are in negative which means variables are having negative relationship in short run and are significant in explaining GDP. Foreign direct investment have negative relationship with terrorist attacks, Economic growth, exchange rate, human capital, inflation rate, capital domestic investment and trade openness which is indicated by the negative sign of coefficients of these variables. The coefficient of error correction term is negative and highly significant in both the model. The R-square value is less than Durbin Watson statistics therefore models are not spurious and the models are acceptable. There is no serial correlation and no heteroskedasticity in the both models and the residuals are also normally distributed in both models. It is found from the Impulse Response Function analyses that when one positive standard deviation shock or innovation is given to terrorist attack, it will take approximately 20 years to absorb the shock. Similarly, foreign direct investment will took almost 27 years for absorption of innovation or shock and economic growth will take almost 18 to 20 years to absorb the shock or innovation. The results of Variance decomposition analysis showed that the response of terrorist attack, economic growth and foreign direct investment to the impluses or innovation introduced mostly explained by itself. The negative impact of terrorism on the economy is proved beyond doubt from the findings of the present study and countless other studies, hence it is of the most importance that scourge of terrorism be rooted out from our society. The efforts are required to develop the terrorism affected areas by establishing some useful incentive systems, for-instance, tax free zones to encourage the businessmen and investors to set up their businesses in the terrorism affected regions. Attempts are required to establish various departments or organizations in the terrorism affected areas to provide the local population different job opportunities, quick deliverance of aid, standard school meetings, hospitals with all facilities and the social associations should be developed, in order to build friendliness and trust linkage between the population and government. Emphasis should be given to the children and youth education especially in these affected areas or various kind of creative, Technical and skill trainings should be given to the youth so that they can’t be easily hired by these terrorist groups. Attempts are required to support the crisis‐affected farmers in the shape of agricultural & farming inputs (for instance, fertilizers and seeds) the microcredit and fixing, repairing, availability of quality seeds and improving of irrigation systems.
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ڈاکٹر راجندر پرشاد

ڈاکٹر راجندر پرشاد
سابق صدر جمہوریہ ہند ڈاکٹر راجندر پرشاد کی موت ہندوستان کا ایک بڑا قومی حادثہ ہے، وہ اپنے قومی و ملکی خدمات کے لحاظ سے صف اول کے لیڈروں میں تھے، ہندوستان کی جنگ آزادی میں ان کے بڑے کارنامے ہیں، چمپارن کی مشہور ستیہ گرہ کے گویا ہیرو تھے، وہ گاندھی جی کے خاص تربیت یافتہ اور ان کے معتمد علیہ تھے، ان میں ان کی بہت سی اخلاقی خوبیاں موجود تھیں، جو آخر تک قائم رہیں، ہندوستان کی آزادی کے بعد کانگریس کے بہت سے لیڈروں کے خیالات اور کردار میں تبدیلی ہوگئی ہے، ان سے ان کا دامن محفوظ تھا، وہ کانگریس کے پرانے اصولوں پر برابر قائم رہے، اور اپنے جلیل القدر عہدے کی ذمہ داریوں کو بھی بڑی خوبی کے ساتھ نباہا، طبعاً بڑے شریف اور مرنجان مرنج تھے اور قومی و ملکی معاملات میں ان کا دل بہت وسیع تھا، اس لیے کسی طبقہ کو بھی ان سے کوئی شکایت نہیں پیدا ہوئی، وہ پرانے کایستھ تھے اس لیے اردو اور فارسی تہذیب سے بہت اچھی واقفیت رکھتے تھے، اور بہت شستہ اردو بولتے اور لکھتے تھے، اور ان میں قدیم مشترک تہذیب کی بہت سی خوبیاں موجود تھیں، اس لیے ان کی موت مختلف حیثیتوں سے بڑا قومی سانحہ ہے۔ اور ان کا نام ہندوستان کی تاریخ میں ہمیشہ زندہ رہے گا۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، مارچ ۱۹۶۳ء)

 

قدیم سودی مالیاتی نظام کا تحقیقی جائزہ

Ontemporary modern interest-bearing financial system, “economicsystem”, has become an integral part and the prevalent system reflects that in the modern progressive era of growth where other arts have seen progress than in the old days the modern interest bearing system has become a part of the financial development. Interest in the present era has being understood as a direction for financial growth and development of economy hence in some way or the other been tried to be enforced in to the Islamic world such that it becomes a need and no country can live without. And the objectives of this interest bearing system can meet their targets. In Muslim countries minds that do not have deep commitment with Islamic teaching have been convinced in a way that in the ancient days this level of interest was not needed as in the present era. So, on the interest of present day “riba” can’t be applied whose prohibition is proved by Islamic law. The impression that interest is the need of modern times in ancient times to modern times thislevel of interest is not required, nor was there any specifically organized circle like today concept the financial system may be of interest not only if favor of contemporary practice in the present, but also an extremely ancient system was out there and have some evidence of old banking practices. This article, with the vividness of ancient religions, has proved that “interest” in antiquity is as same as of today. The form of interest and its impacts aren’t get changed by the change in ancient or current business practices. Interest is interest, whether it is found in ancient religions or at theadvent of Islam or even after that in the modern day. It embodies the same “riba” whose prohibition is proved in the Islamic sharia.

Effects of Peer Tutoring on the Academic Achievement of Students in the Subject of Biology at Secondary Level

The present study was aimed to analyze the effects of peer tutoring on the academic achievement of students in the subject of biology at secondary level. The objectives of the study were: (1) To find outthe effect of peer tutoring on the academic achievement of students in the subject of biology; (2) To investigate the effect of peer tutoring on the academic achivement of tutors and tutees of experimental group; (3)To examine the effects of peer tutoring with respect to knowledge, comprehension and application levels of cognitive domain of Bloom Taxonomy; (4) To explore the effect of peer tutoring on the motivation of the students towards learning. All 433,405 boys‟ students at secondary level of 10th grade of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were the population of the study. Forty (40) students of 10th grade, who were studying biology as elective subjects, were taken as sample of the study from Allied National Software Institute (ANSI), a private secondary school in Mardan through random sampling. The Pretest Posttest Equivalent Group Design was used. Teacher made pretest, posttest and participant observation were the data collection tools. The data collected from pretest and posttest, were analyzed through independent sample t-test and ANOVA. The qualitative data obtained from participants observation, was analyzed qualitatively. It was found that the mean score of experimental group was significantly better than the mean score of control group. It was found through participant observation that peer tutoring had developed strong motivation in both tutors and tutees. It was concluded that peer tutoring was the effective method of instruction of teaching biology at secondary level which had enhanced significantly the academic achievement and motivation of both tutors and tutees as compared to control group. Peer tutoring was also found effective in the development of academic achievement of students at secondary level with respect to knowledge, comprehension and application levels of bloom taxonomy. It was suggested that peer tutoring may be incorporated along with other teaching methodologies of teaching for the subject of biology and due consideration may be given to tutoring strategies in all teacher education practices in the country. The principles, procedures and rules of peer tutoring should be followed while conducting any peer tutoring program. The current study is conducted on male students; therefore, future studies are recommended to use different samples of male and female students at different academic levels.