Home > The Moderating Role of Supervisory Support, and Product Knowledge in the Relationship of Emotional Intelligence, Self-Efficacy, and Attitude With Job-Related Outcomes
The Moderating Role of Supervisory Support, and Product Knowledge in the Relationship of Emotional Intelligence, Self-Efficacy, and Attitude With Job-Related Outcomes
The concept of emotional intelligence (EI) suggests that intelligence and emotions act interactively. Individuals can handle and solve technical problems far more easily than human problems in their personal and professional lives, which illustrates that EI is essential for their job-related outcomes. At the same time, it might be argued that motivational theories also play an essential role in the performance and satisfaction of individuals. This dissertation studied the moderating role of supervisory support, and product knowledge in the relationship of emotional intelligence, self-efficacy, and attitude with job-related outcomes (job performance and job satisfaction). A 33-item tool was used for measuring employees’ EI, a four-item tool for measuring self-efficacy, eight items tool for measuring attitude, four items tool for measuring supervisory support, a five-item tool for measuring product knowledge, an eight-item tool to measure the jobrelated outcomes (four each for job performance and job satisfaction). The study was carried out in two phases: a pilot study and the main study. For the main study, 600 questionnaires were distributed among the participants at different intervals. Out of this pool, only 421 questionnaires were collected; 21 questionnaires were found useless/incomplete and, thus withdrawn, and the rest of the 400 (66.67% response rate) were utilized for data analysis. The data was analysed with the help of SPSS and structural equation modelling (SEM). Results showed that emotional intelligence and, selfefficacy were positively related to job-related outcomes (job performance and job satisfaction), while a positive relationship was found between attitude and job performance. No relationship was found between attitude and job satisfaction. In advanced countries the influence of emotional intelligence, motivational factors, and perceived support has been studied for job-related outcomes of employees employed in different sectors. In the Pakistani context, limited attempts have been made to examine the same factors responsible for variation in job-related outcomes of the sales force of the pharmaceutical industry.
بہ یادِ سید معین الرحمن (رفیق احمد خان) ڈاکٹر سید معین الرحمن ایک طرح سے میرے خواجہ تاش تھے، مرزا غالب اور رشید احمد صدیقی سے میرا عشق روحانی، جذباتی اور زبانی ہے اور ان کا عشق شخصی، روحانی، فکری، ادبی اور تحقیقی اوصاف کا مرقع، ان کی تن دہی، سخت کوشی، برداشت، نفاستِ طبع اور حسن آرائی و حسن آفرینی اس کی شہادتیں۔ میں اپنے احباب سے ان کی خوش اخلاقی، خوش اطواری، شائستگی اور روایتی وضع داری سے متعلق باتیں سن ہی چکا تھا، ان کی شگفتہ و مرصع اور پرمغز و پراثر نثر دل میں گھر کرچکی تھی اور ان کی سرکشیدگی اور بلند قامتی بھی میرے دل و نظر میں ایک مقام و مرتبہ وضع کرچکی تھی، خط و کتابت کا آغاز ہوا تو میرے خیالات و تصورات کو یک گونہ تقویت حاصل ہوئی، میں اپنے اندر ان کے لیے اپنائیت محسوس کرنے لگا اور یوں نیاز حاصل کرنے کی تمنا جی میں سر اٹھانے لگی۔ اس قلبی لگاؤ کا نتیجہ تھا کہ جب کبھی ان کے خلاف کوئی زہر آلودہ تحریر پڑھی تو طبیعت مکدر ہوگئی اور ان کی قدر و منزلت میں کسی طرح کی بھی کمی محسوس نہیں کی بلکہ اس میں اضافہ ہی محسوس کیا، ’’دیوانِ غالب، نسخۂ خواجہ‘‘ کے حوالے سے خواہ کچھ بھی کہا گیا یا لکھا گیا ہو مگر غالب سے غیر معمولی شیفتگی اور غالب کی طرف داری کا اس سے اچھا اور بڑا عملی ثبوت ادبی دنیا میں کم دیکھنے میں آئے گا، اس سے ہٹ کر دیکھیے تو پیش کش میں حسن اور سلیقے کا حسین امتزاج بھی کیا لائق تحسین نہیں، میر تقیؔ میر کا یہ مصرع صادق آتا ہے: ع کس خوش سلیقگی سے جگر خوں کروں ہوں میں ۲۰۰۳ء میں انجمن ترقی اردو، پاکستان کی صدی منائی گئی، سرسید یونیورسٹی،...
Abstract The purpose of this study is to compare the student's and teacher’s perceptions about their current English textbook they used. This study categorized as a descriptive qualitative study. The population of VIII grade students (45 students) of junior high school was involved in this study and an English teacher of them too. The questionnaire and semi-structured interview were used as the instrument of this research. Besides, the guideline of the interview and questionnaire was from [1]Cunningsworth's (1995) theory which is explained about the book evaluation. The data were analyzed through Google form percentage presentation for the questionnaire while transcription, coding was used for the interview section. The result showed, 75% of students believed that the book they used has good quality. While the rest 25% felt it did not fulfill their expectation and need. Besides, the teachers’ perception supports it with some of the books’ part lacks organization and employed too many vocabularies. Whereas the students felt their current level was not suitable with the teachers’ beliefs, but the teacher believed that it was appropriate with the students’ level. So, there were few different perceptions between them. However, the teacher believed that her role in helping students with textbook usage could help the main point of students’ need due to the teacher has lack of knowledge and awareness to do coursebook evaluation. Therefore, further research needs to be done to make this study more comprehensive.
In recent literature corporate governance of banks has received a valuable interest from academic researchers and policy makers around the world. It is established that in banks failure or weakness of corporate governance has potential to destabilize the economy of a single country as well as other countries. “Basel Committee on banking regulation and Supervision” (BIS, 2010) highlights the key role of ownership structure in corporate governance of banks. Ownership concentration is a distinguished feature of corporations in many developing countries including Pakistan. When ownership is concentrated it helps to mitigate the conflicting issues of the owners and managers. In such a situation there is another type of conflict between owners with large equity and owners with small equity. In such case it is very important to know who the controlling shareholders are. This study empirically investigates the banks’ ownership structure effects in the wake of post privatization era in Pakistan. Addressing the needs of corporate governance of banks in Pakistan State Bank issued “Handbook of Corporate Governance” in 2003. The guidelines and recommendations provided in this handbook are extracted from the policies proposed by “Basel Committee on Corporate Governance”. The objective of the current study is to explore the impact of ownership concentration on i) performance, ii) risk taking and, iii) credit allocation efficiency using sample of commercial banks in Pakistan over the period 2000-2015. Data on concentration of ownership is collected from unconsolidated annual reports of banks. This study further categorizes large shareholders into i) state ownership, ii) family ownership, ii) institutional ownership, and iv) foreign ownership. The study assesses the impact of types of ownership on i) performance, ii) risk taking and, iii) credit allocation efficiency of sample commercial banks in Pakistan. This study also analyses the impact of managerial equity holdings on performance and risk taking of banks in Pakistan. The current study finds that in Pakistan bank performance increases when ownership is either dispersed (less than 30 percent) or highly concentrated (above 70 percent). However, performance decreases when ownership concentration is at intermediate level (30-75 percent on average). Government owned banks are detrimental to their bank performance while family, institutional and foreign ownership has positive influence on bank performance. Insider ownership has significant positive impact on bank performance when managers hold low or very high stakes in banks equity. When managerial ownership is between 12-40 percent, it has significant negative impact on bank performance. Further, the study finds that concentration of ownership has significant direct impact on bank risk taking in Pakistan. Government, family and institutional ownership increase bank risk taking while foreign ownership decreases bank risk taking. Managerial ownership has significantly direct impact on bank risk taking when managers’ ownership is either low or very high. Managerial ownership between 11-40 percent on average has negative impact on bank risk taking.Bank regulations decrease bank risk taking as ownership concentration increases. However, bank regulations affect bank risk taking by various types of owners, differently. This study also finds that ownership concentration of banks has negative impact on credit growth (public and private sector both). Ownership concentration has negative impact on credit allocation efficiency of banks. Government and foreign ownership of banks tend to invest inefficiently; however, family and institutional ownership of banks tend to allocate bank resources efficiently. The findings of this study conclude that in Pakistan high ownership concentration in banks helps to improve bank performance, enables banks to take more risk and invest in inefficient projects. Banks with majority of government ownership are associated with poor performance, high risk taking and inefficient credit allocation. Domestic ownership which comprises family and institutional ownership increases bank performance, bank risk taking and credit allocation efficiency. Foreign ownership of banks with majority of foreign ownership are associated with increased bank performance, less risk taking, and allocating resources to less efficient projects. The findings of this study highlight the need of policy intervention in order to regulate concentration of ownership in Pakistan’s banking industry. Policy makers are also suggested to take measures to encourage public and private banks to invest on rational investment projects instead of advancing credit to related parties.