While institutional theory has a long history in the domain of organizational behavior, institutional logics are now widely used in addressing issues of interest in the organizational behavior area. Institutional logics dictate the decisions regarding the adaptation of competing means and ends in double bottom line businesses like microfinance. However, the impact of institutional logics remains under-theorized especially with regards to the influence of conflicting institutional logics on managerial identity creation processes. This thesis traces the process of identity creation as a result of the sensemaking process of employees in the presence of conflicting logics. The identities enacted in this manner in turn affect organizational citizenship behavior in certain ways. The thesis also links logics, sense-making processes, and managerial identities in a manner that individual responses to conflicting logics can be studied. It also explains variations in managerial identities by considering the contingent effects of intrinsic and extrinsic goals of an individual to the sense-making process. Results show that conflicting logics in the microfinance industry do result in separate practices. These practices are interpreted differently by employees depending on their personal goals. Moreover, the type of interpretation affects the utilitarian or normative identity creation of the employee. Finally, the study finds that utilitarian employees are low on civic virtue as compared to normative employees. The study empirically contributes to the literature by offering evidence of the causal chain of events which links the macro level institutional logics to the micro level employee civic virtue behavior.
مرزا مرتضیٰ بیگ جناب مرزا مرتضی بیگ اعظم گڑھ کے بہت ہی لائق، ممتاز اور وضعدار وکیل تھے، دارالمصنفین کی مجلس انتظامیہ کے اہم رکن بھی ایک عرصہ تک رہے، ان کی وفات کراچی میں ہوئی، اﷲ تبارک و تعالیٰ ان کو اپنی رحمتوں اور برکتوں سے سرفراز رکھے، آمین۔ (’صباح الدین عبدالرحمن، فروری ۱۹۷۶ء)
The foreign exchange market plays an important role in the formation and development of financial markets. This market is of particular importance for emerging economies. To understand market trends (to understand and develop a strategy for its development), it is necessary to analyze historical data. It is also important to use different methods to carry out this analysis. Based on this, the paper analyzes the foreign exchange market in Ukraine for the period 2014-2018. For this analysis, the wavelet coherence methodology is used. This made it possible to assess the development of the foreign exchange market in Ukraine.
A grid based Regional Scale Sediment Yield Model RSSYM was setup different catchments of Indus basin using coarse resolution grid data. When coarse grid data is used, the land slope decreases and sediment delivery is reduced. In this study the slope averaging effect was minimized by using the fractal analysis approach. The fractal constant (α) and fractal dimension (D) equations were correlated with the standard deviation on elevation by Zhang et al. (2000). These equations for fractal constant and fractal dimension were developed using Digital Elevation Model of 1 km2 resolution (DEM) for local topography. The slope was computed for 250 m and 50 m downscaling from 1 km2 grid. A comparison was made between fractal constant equation and fractal dimension to scale down the slope parameter. Both equations were incorporated in RSSYM. The model was applied to Phulra catchment. The results showed that fractal dimension equation gives better results as compared to fractal constant. So the fractal dimension equation was incorporated in RSSYM. The RSSYM was applied on three catchments of Indus basin namely Soan, Gariala and Phulra. For Phulra catchment of Siran river the total observed sediment was 0.304 million tons whereas the simulated sediment was 0.291 million tons. The coefficient of efficiency (COE) was 0.85 and the coefficient of determination was 0.83 which shows that there is a good correlation between the observed and simulated values. In Gariala catchment the observed sediment was 6.01 million tons whereas simulated sediment was 6.80 million tons. The coefficient of efficiency for Gariala catchment was 0.91 and the coefficient of determination observed and simulated hydrograph was 0.81. Similarly for the Soan catchment the observed sediment was 10.61 million tons and simulated sediment was 12.29 million tons. The coefficient of determination and coefficient of efficiency for this catchment was 0.95 and 0.98 respectively. The snowmelt runoff model SRM was applied to Astor catchment to test the applicability of temperature index approach for Indus basin. The terrain is difficult to measure the hydrological and hydraulics data. Most of the data was available at the outlet of the catchments. The input data included daily temperature and precipitation, dividing the catchment in to different zone depending on the elevation difference. The elevation zones were generated from the DEM of the area. The snow depletion curves were made for the snow covered area derived from the satellite data analysis on monthly basis. The model output was discharge hydrograph. The COE was 0.91 which shows that there is a good correlation between the observed and simulated values. The statistical test showed that model performance was good. The results of SRM model encouraged to use temperature index approach for snowmelt runoff estimation in the Indus basin. A snowmelt runoff model was developed using temperature index approach. The model was coupled with regional scale sediment yield model RSSYM. The coupled model was named as modified regional scale sediment yield model (MRSSYM). The MRSSYM model was applied to Astor and Gilgit catchments. For the Astor catchment total observed sediment load was 3.98 million tons whereas the simulated sediment load was 4.34 million tons. The coefficient of the model was 0.89 whereas the coefficient of determination was 0.83. Similarly for Gilgit catchment the measured and simulated sediment loads were 4.50 and 4.48 million tons respectively. The coefficient of efficiency and coefficient of determinations were 0.95 and 0.88 respectively. From the results it can be concluded that MRSSYM can be applied with confidence to various catchments of Indus basin where runoff is due to snowfall and snow melting.