ابتكارات العلامة الزمخشري في علم المعاني خلال أسلوب السؤال والجواب في تفسيره الكشاف

Semantic (علم المعاني) is the most interesting branch of Rhetoric. Al-Zamakhsharī has discussed its categories in his introduction to “Al- Kashshᾱf”. He has elaborated the terminology of Semantics but he did not arrange it separately in chapters and did not apply this division in Al- Kashshᾱf as well. The Great Scholar of Rhetoric Al-Sakkᾱkī has categorized semantics in the form of three terminologies: the Knowledge of Semantic, (علم المعاني) the Knowledge of Eloquence, (علم البيان) the figures of speech (علم البديع). Al-Zamakhsharī was very influenced by The Great Scholar and Literary Theorist Abd-ul-Qᾱhir Al-Jurjᾱnī since he implemented whatever Abd-ul-Qᾱhir Al-Jurjᾱnī pointed out in his book “Arguments of Miracles” and “Mysteries of Rhetoric” whilst analyzing Qur’ᾱnic Verses in his exegesis “Al-Kashshᾱf” on Rhetorical basis, though he mentioned in his exegesis all foremost and supreme aspects of Rhetoric which were not referred to by any former scholars. In this article I have widely discussed the unique and distinguished rhetorical topics, highlighted by Al-Zamakhsharī in his exegesis Al-Kashshᾱf, for instance; he semantically analyzed letters and verbs in the Holy Qur’ᾱn, particularly propositional and non-propositional verbs. At the end of this article I tried my best to conclude the topic with better sequences. 

A Corpus-Based Analysis of Lexical Bundles As Building Blocks of Academic Discourse

Lexical bundles are prefabricated fixed structures, both phrasal and clausal, which are one of the important components of fluent linguistic production. These multi-word structures are extended collocations which appear in text more frequently than expected and play an important role in constructing academic phraseology. Lexical bundles have been investigated in academic texts across the world but their variation or similarity across the academic disciplines remains an open question. The current study is a corpus-based investigation of lexical bundles in PhD dissertations in Pakistani context. The study explores 4 to 7 word lexical bundles in a corpus of 4.6 million words comprising dissertations from three different disciplines of doctoral study in Pakistani universities, i.e. English Studies, Social Sciences, and Bio-Sciences, to find out the use, variation and preferred structures across different disciplines. The lexical bundles extracted with the help of AntConc 3.4.4w (Windows) 2014 were categorized according to the structural taxonomy provided by Biber et al. (1999). The results show that all of the dissertations from three disciplines rely heavily on the prefabricated chunks. On the other hand, the common bundles show that every discipline, and even subjects within a discipline, has varied choices of lexical bundles that confirms that lexical bundles vary from subject to subject and discipline to discipline. Moreover, different disciplines have different dominant structures, for instance, English Studies have the highest percentage of Prepositional Phrase Fragments, Social Sciences have the highest percentage of Noun Phrase Fragments and Bio-Sciences have the highest percentage of Verb Phrase Fragments. The analysis shows that occurrence of 4-Word lexical bundles is almost 10 times higher than that of 5-Word bundles which means that length of structure is inversely proportional to its occurrence in the corpus. Finally, academic phraseology is not fixed, although deeply rooted in prefabricated structures in its orientation, it varies across various disciplines of study.