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Home > The Role of U. S. Media in Shaping Foreign Policy Towards Pakistan a Case Study of New York Times and Washington Post 2001-2008

The Role of U. S. Media in Shaping Foreign Policy Towards Pakistan a Case Study of New York Times and Washington Post 2001-2008

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Farooq, Shamaila

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Peshawar

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

International Relations

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/9807/1/Final%20dissertation%20July%2017.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725136167

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The U.S.-led Global War on Terror (GWOT) has had profound implications for Pakistan as its front-line state. The alliance between the U.S. and Pakistan brought changes to socio-economic and diplomatic landscape of Pakistan. Though the U.S.-Pakistan relations underwent a revival phase in post 9/11 scenario, this coalition did not help to dispel negative perception of Pakistan in the U.S. media. Pakistan has been working closely with U.S. on military and intelligence front, but failed to raise its case at diplomatic level and correct its position in the media. With rapid technological development, the news media is considered critical in promoting national security goals. The sophisticated U.S. media having covered foreign policy issues since Vietnam War is considered critical, particularly in wars and international conflicts to promote sense of U.S. national identity. After 9/11, the U.S. through its media portrayed the same sense of unity among allies in its campaign against terrorism and positioned the country as a moral leader among nations. This study presents the media framing of Pakistan; how it is portrayed in the U.S. mainstream media and examine their stance towards U.S-Pakistan relationship after 9/11 while testing the foreign policy decision-making theory. This is done by examining the two U.S. mainstream newspapers: The New York Times and The Washington Post’s editorials from 2001-2008. The methodology has incorporated traditional quantitative method of content analysis and qualitative investigation to examine how the U.S.-Pakistan relations are projected through the dominant U.S. media frames reflecting the U.S. foreign policy towards Pakistan after 9/11. The media framing analysis has verified the media’s role within the domestic input category of foreign policy decision making theory which shows that in foreign policy making process, media contributes in shaping a foreign country’s image, thus influencing policy towards that country, while supporting its national security interests. The study also finds an independent role of the U.S. media which does not follow the U.S policy positions except major national interest, contrary to a perceived notion that media is a propaganda tool of U.S. Government. The independent role of the U.S. media is found in criticizing the U.S. Government’s support for General Musharraf’s military rule over civilian government in Pakistan; the U.S. policy in overlooking the restoration of democracy in Pakistan and positive media framing for the U.S.-India strategic partnership over Pakistan during the first eight years of alliance. The study also proposes policy level recommendations for Pakistan to enhance media’s role in national security policy and improved U.S.-Pakistan’s image through joint media ventures between the U.S. and Pakistani media outlets.
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المبحث الثالث: الأدب النسائي في اللغة الأردية

المبحث الثالث: الأدب النسائي في اللغة الأردية

 لقد تغیر أحوال الباکستان بعد توحیدہ وتغیر أحوال الناس والمجتمع۔۔۔ وحتی الأدب والشعر طرأ علیھما الکثیر من التغییرات وتغیرت لغۃ الغزل بعد ان کانت لغۃ جامدۃ قویۃ لا تقبل التغییر ولکن بعد توحید الباکستان أصبحت ھذہ اللغۃ مرنۃ متطورۃ تقبل التغیر، واختار الشعراء لغۃ سھلۃ وأسلوبًا رقیقًا وتعبیر ًامتناغمًا مع العصر والمجتمع وتغیرت موضوعات الغزل من تغیر الحالات والضروریات۔ واتسعت مجالات الأدب وتقدم الغزل وأقبلت التغییرات وتعرفت علی کلِ ما ھو مقبول ومعروف۔ وقام الكثير من الشعراء والشاعرات ينظمون قصائدهم في اللغة الأردية، ودخل في الشعر أسلوب مرن، سھل، لا صعوبۃ فیہ ولا تعقید، أسلوب قریب من النثر ویُقال لھذا النوع من الشعر في الأردو(نثري نظم) ویقال في الأدب العربي الشعر الحُر۔

 وفي عام 1972دخل ھذا النوع الجدید من الشعر في الأدب الأردو وکون لنفسہ مکانۃ بین القُراء والأدباء وھذا النوع من الشعر (الشعر الحُر) یطابق العصر ویمکن أن یتناول مواضیع مختلفة متنوعۃ۔

 تخلص الغزل الحديث من التکلفات والزخرفات وتقدم إلی التجرید مع أنھ يتناول الخیالات والأفکار والأحاسیس الجدیدة، والشاعرات الباکستانیات قد من الکثیر للأدب قبل توحید الباکستان ولکن کانت أفکارھن مقیدۃ بقیود المجتمع ومع ھذا حاولن الإعراب عن أفکارھن ومشاعرهن ولکن بعد التوحید تظاھرت النساء بجرأۃ أکبر وتناولن مواضیع أکثر وذلک حسب ضرورات المجتمع وخاصةً شاعرات اللغة الأردية . لأن بازدیاد الناس تزداد المسائل، وقد قدمت شاعرات العصر الجدید للأدب کل ما ھو جدید ومتطور ویقبل التغییر والتعدیل مع أفکارھن الجدیدۃ والفھم المتطور والذوق الرفیع والأسالیب الحدیثۃ والمواضیع المختلفۃ الموافقۃ للعصر الحدیث۔ ومن أھم ھؤلاء الشاعرات ادا جعفري، کشور ناھید، فھمیدہ مرزا اللاتي فتحن مجالًا کبیرًا لإدخال شاعرات جدیدات وبالفعل حصل ھذا وقد تم التعرف علی شاعرات متقدمات ومتطورات ذھنیاً وعقلیاً وعلمیاً وأدبیاً ومن بینھن (پروین شاکر) الإسم المتلألئ في عالم الأدب والشعر الحدیث۔

 

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF POSITIONAL RELEASE TECHNIQUE AND MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE ON LOW BACK PAIN-A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

Aims of Study: The purpose of this study is to ascertain the impact of positional release technique and muscular energy technique on low back pain. Methodology: It was a single blinded randomized controlled trial. Participants were enrolled using envelop method of simple random sampling technique. A total n=30 clinically diagnosed LBP patients with between 26 to 40 y/o were recruited and randomly divided into two groups. Group-A MET (n=15) patients receiving muscle energy technique and Group-B PRT (n=15) patients receiving Positional Release Technique for two weeks. Results: Between groups analysis was performed using independent t test as the data was normally distributed. The results revealed statically significant results in both the groups. However, group A show more significant results with mean value of 2.0±0.53, 10.73±1.79, and 2.80±0.14 for NPRS, ODI, and Modified Schober’s Test Score respectively as shown in table 3. Limitations and Future Implications: The study may have had a limited number of participants, which could affect the generalizability of the results. Secondly, the study might have focused on short-term outcomes, assessing the immediate effects of the interventions. Originality: The study has used and compared new technique and have identified the efficacy between the two physical therapy intervention based study. Conclusions According to the findings of this study, both therapy options are successful in treating low back pain. The effectiveness of the patients in the muscle energy technique group, however, showed a substantial difference.

Expression Profiling of Cotton Fiber Genes and Evaluation of Some Regulatory Sequences for Gene Expression in Dicots

Cotton fiber is the most important raw material used in textile industry throughout the world. Due to demand of good quality fiber for manufacture of fabrics, there is need to develop cotton varieties with improved fiber characteristics. Through conventional breeding, a number of cotton varieties have been developed. However, this technique has disadvantage of narrow germplasm and requirement of longer time period for selection of best lines. Using genetic engineering techniques, fiber genes may be directly introduced in cotton which may express under the control of certain promoters. Through gene expression profiles, tissue and developmental stage specific expression level of genes can be determined. Gene those have been expressed specifically in fibers or other tissues may be transformed to alter various characters. Upstream regulatory regions of theses gene may also be evaluated as promoter. Fully characterized promoters can be used as component of expression cassette for crop improvement through molecular breeding. Cotton fibers are unicellular seed trichomes and the largest known plant cells. Fiber development in cotton is a complex process involving a large number of genes expressed during each fiber development stage. The objective of the study was to determine expression level of fiber related genes in cotton. The expression level of eight fiber related genes (EXPANSIN, tubulins, LTP1, LTP3, LTP7, E6, SPS, and susy) was determined in cotton tissues using reverse transcriptase real time PCR. Three cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) lines of varying fiber length were used to study the effect of genotypes on gene expression. The results revealed that transcription level of most of genes elevated from 5 to 20 DPA fibers. All genes showed similar expression pattern in all three genotypes. However, EXPANSIN was found to be highly expressed in long fiber variety during rapid elongation period than in medium and short fiber length. Sucrose synthase showed high expression in 15-20 DPA fibers and roots. Expression data may help also to explore the role of particular gene in fiber development. On the basis of expression profiles, two genes (SPS and LTP7) were selected. Upstream sequences of both genes were retrieved through high through put genomic sequences (HTGS) and analyzed using bioinformatics tool. About 2 kb region upstream of SPS and 1.8 kb upstream of LTP7 gene were selected for promoter isolation. Patent BLAST results of SPS and LTP7 promoter sequences confirmed that both were novel regulatory regions. Analysis of both promoter sequences using plantCARE revealed basal promoter elements including TATA box and CAAT box. There were various light regulated motifs, MYB binding sites and stress related motifs. Various motifs related to transcription activation and tissue specific expression were also identified in both promoters. Analysis of promoter sequences using plantPAN identified binding sites for transcription factors including MYBS, ERELEE4, GAREAT, ABRELATERD1 and WBOXNTERF3. Both SPS and LTP7 promoters along with their deletion fragments were isolated from genomic DNA of cotton leaves. A 1.5 kb deletion fragment for SPS promoter was cloned in expression vector. Two 5′ deletion fragments for LTP7 promoter (1 kb and 1.5 kb) were also cloned. Transient GUS expression assay revealed that full length SPS and LTP7 promoters were active in fiber tissues. Deletion derivatives (1.5 kb) of both promoters showed relatively weak GUS expression in fiber tissues. However, 1 kb LTP7 promoter was highly active in fiber tissues. No GUS expression was detected in root, shoot and leaf tissues. Agrobacterium mediated transformation in tobacco revealed that SPS promoter exhibited GUS stain in tobacco leaves in the form of patches while its 1.5 kb deletion fragment showed much low expression. Full length LTP7 promoter along with 1 kb LTP7 showed high vascular tissues specific expression in tobacco leaves. The novel promoters may be used to derive fiber specific expression in cotton and vascular tissues specific expression in heterologous system. The indigenous promoters can be used for specific expression of transgenes without IPR issues.