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The Straight Baselines in International Maritime Law: Impact on Continental Shelf and Exclusive Economic Zone

Thesis Info

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Author

Gardezi, Mahmood Akhter Hussain

Program

PhD

Institute

National Defence University

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Education

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2865/1/PhD%20Thesis_Captain%20Gardezi.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725139280

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The baselines being linchpin of various maritime zones (internal waters, territorial sea, contiguous zone, Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and continental shelf) are crucial in shaping maritime claims. Different types of baselines, depending on coastal configurations of states, are starting point for measuring maritime zones as well as controversies between the states. Straight baseline system legitimized during 1951 Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries case between Norway and UK was only meant for irregular coastal configurations. The 1958 Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone (hereafter TSC) embodied the judgment into a codified article. TSC provision on straight baselines transformed almost verbatim into United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea, 1982 (hereafter UNCLOS). Vague parameters of straight baselines, devoid of precision, leave much room for liberal interpretations and flexible application. Vagueness of straight baseline terms is the main cause for excessive lines having enormous impacts on various sea regimes, brewing conflicts on international maritime arena. The means of interpretation for treaty terms like ordinary meaning; object and purpose, preparatory works and state practice are unhelpful due to compromising nature of UNCLOS and scarcity of its official record. Excessive baseline claims kindle varying degree of conflicts on regimes of sea. study addresses; whether vagueness leads to excessive straight baseline claims. The Do excessive straight baselines affect the regimes of various maritime zones? How can vagueness and inadequacies prevailing in straight baselines provision be addressed in interpretation and application? The great impact of unfounded straight baselines on EEZ and Continental shelf because of interfacing of these zones with international community rights has been investigated. Different factors behind employing excessive straight baselines by the coastal states leading to controversies and instability in the oceans have been discussed. Vagueness undoubtedly exists in terms and conditions on straight baselines with divergent state practice. The study concludes that terms and phrases in Article 7 of UNCLOS are vague, unclear, non- objective and imprecise. To avoid isolated individual or regional state practices, an international pragmatic approach is needed for uniformity of straight baseline principles. A structured oceanic legal order on the pattern of Commission on the Limits of Continental Shelf (CLCS) with a watchdog capacity is need of day to monitor the coastal state claims based on straight baselines. UN Division of the Ocean Affairs and Law of the Sea are considered most apposite forum to patron such initiative.
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ماحصل

ماحصل

                بیسویں صدی کے پہلے عشرے میں ہی عالمگیر تبدیلیوں کے زیر اثر اردو زبان و ادب میں شعری شعور ایک منفرد اور نئے رجحان میں داخل ہو چکا تھا۔ جس کے دھندلے خطوط ۶۰ کی دہائی میں واضح نقوش اختیار کر کے ایک عام آدمی کے لئے بھی جیتی جاگتی تصویر دکھائی دینے لگے۔ زندگی میں تبدیلی کا راست اثر ادب پر بھی پڑتا ہے جو نمائندہ شخصیات کی تخلیقی جدوجہد کا نتیجہ ہوتی ہیں۔ یہ تبدیلی کا عمل بڑی شخصیات کے قلب میں جنم لیتا ہے جو اپنے الفاظ کی اثر آفریبی سے مروجہ سوچ پر غالب آجاتا ہے۔ بڑی شخصیات کو زمان و مکان کی حدود و قیود میں مقید کرنا محال ہو جاتا ہے۔ ایسی شخصیات کی تخلیقی جدوجہد کی پیمائش گھڑیوں ، مہینوں اور سالوں کے معیارات سے ممکن نہیں ہوتی۔ ایسی ہی ایک قد آور اور پر اثر شخصیت مراتب اختر کے نام سے ساٹھ اور ستر کی دہائی میں اردو ادب کے شعری افق پر نمودار ہوئی اور اپنے جذبوں کی ہمہ رنگ قوس قزح کی روشنیاں بکھیر گئی۔ اس منفرد شاعر کی منفرد شاعری کا مقام و مرتبہ تو آئندہ تاریخی تناظر میں ہی ہو گا جس کو طے کرنا نقاد حضرات کا ہی کام ہے۔ لیکن اپنی تمام تر بے بصاعتی کے باوجود بڑے لوگوں کی آرا کو پیش کرنے کی سعادت اور ان کی شاعری کی عظمت کے تصویری خاکے اب بھی پیش کئے جا سکتے ہیں اور اس تصویر میں رنگ بھرنے کے لیے کسی بھی ناقد کو وسیع مطالعے کے ساتھ ساتھ طویل ذہنی سفر بھی کرنا پڑے گا تاکہ تصویر اپنے متعینہ چوکھٹے میں سج سکے۔ اس کی کچھ جھلک اور پرچھائیاں ان کے ہمسفر شعرا کی زبان ترجمان سے عیاں تو ہوتی ہیں مگر بشری محدودیتوں، باہمی عصبیتوں...

''فتح الرحمٰن فی اثبات مذہب النعمان''کا تحقیقی و تجزیاتی مطالعہ An Analytical study of the

In "Fath-ur-Rehman Fi Ithbāt-e-Madhab al-Naumān", Shaykh Abdul Haq Muhaddith Dehalvi collected Ahadith supporting the religion and sect of Imam Abu Hanifa (R.A) and described the differences of the jurists and gave preference to Hanafi School of thought. He has proved through this book that Imam’s sect is in accordance with the Sahih Ahadith and while removing the accusations leveled against Imam Abu Hanifa, he declared that these are the issues on which the contrariness of the hadith was accused but irony of the situation is that Abu Hanifa (R.A) is following the hadith while other jurists explicitly base their intellect and conjecture and the style of the book shows that Abu Hanifa (R.A) is the absolute doer of hadith and Imam Shafi (R.A) uses conjecture and opinion. Moreover, Author speaks on the authenticity of the hadiths which not only support him but also give comfort and consolation to the opposing party. This great book of Hazrat Shaykh Muhaddith (R.A) is unique and unique in its importance, infrequency, style of reasoning, research issues, preference of religion, and hadiths supporting Hazrat Imam Azam Abu Hanifa (R.A) which opens new chapters of coming research. In the said article, an analytical study of his book "Fath-ur-Rehman fi Asbat-e-Madhhab-e-Noman" will be presented which will expose the reality of Imam Abu Hanifa's accusation of being against the hadith and this great effort of Sheikh Abdul Haq will also be brought to light.

Relationship of Parental Styles and Personality Functioning Dimensions of Students at Secondary Level

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