The term ‘Turkish model’ first appeared in the academic and media discourse during the post - cold war days, in order to show a direction to the newly independent Central Asian states, searching for a new identity for themselves under new circumstances. Turkey, as a secular Muslim state having old ties with Central Asian region was presented as a model for the region. Later, the post 9/11 global scenario once again brought the idea of the Turkish model in the limelight. At a time when the global war on terror was seen as an evidence of an inevitable clash between Islam and the West, the idea of the Turkish model showed the possibility of reconciliation between the two. Turkish model as a bridge across Islam and the West generated further academic interest as a new conservative democratic party AKP came to power in Turkey. The new party had Islamist roots, yet it advocated a liberal democratic agenda. The phenomenal economic success of Turkey in the following years enhanced the academic and media interest in the case of Turkey. Later, as the Arab Spring revolutionized the political context of the Middle East, Turkish model became a popular idea amongst the Arab masses protesting in the streets. The popularity of the idea however, sharply declined in the following years due to rising political instability in and outside Turkey. The current study examines the case of the idea of the Turkish model through the theoretical lens provided by the clash of civilizations narrative. It makes an extensive examination of the historical context of the idea. Then it undertakes a cross sectional, comparative discourse analysis of the idea of the Turkish model as constructed by academics from the West, the Muslim world and Turkey. The study also includes a longitudinal analysis of the academic construction of the idea of the Turkish model during 2002-2014. The study finds that contrary to the clash of civilizations narrative, the academic discourse from the West, the Muslim world and Turkey tend to present similar ideas on and around the Turkish model. It is compatibility rather than a clash of ideas which emerges as a dominant trend in the academic discourse across civilizations.
حدود و قصاص کے قوانین پر عمل درآمد کے سلسلے میں ایک بہت بڑا مسئلہ اسلامی قو انین حدود وقصاص کا بین الا قوامی قوانین کے ساتھ باہمی مطابقت نہ ہونا ہے۔ اسلامی ممالک میں جو حدود وقصاص کے قوانین نافذالعمل ہیں وہ یا تو شریعت محمدی ﷺ کے عین مطابق ہیں یا اگر یہ غیر اسلامی ہیں تو انہیں اسلامی قوانین سے بدلنے کی کوششیں جاری ہیں اور جو عالمی و بین الاقوامی قوانین ہیں۔ وہ انسانوں کے وضعی قوانین ہیں اور ان میں تبدیلی کی گنجائش بہرحا ل موجود ہے اور یہ شرعی قوانین کی طرح مکمل نہیں ہیں۔ ان میں بہت سی خامیاں ہیں اور یہ غریب اور کمزور مما لک پر حکومت کرنے کے لیے بنائے گئے ہیں ۔ بین الاقوامی کرادار کے حوالے سے جب قوانین حدود وقصاص کا جائزہ لیا جائے تو پتہ چلتا ہے کہ ان قوانین کی عام طور پر مخالفت ہوتی رہتی ہے اور ان کی منسوخی کا مطالبہ کیا جاتا ہے۔ اعتراض یہ سامنےآتا ہے کہ یہ قوانین آج کے مروجہ بین الاقوا می قوانین سے ہم آہنگ نہیں ہیں اور عالمگیریت کے جدید ماحول میں عالمی قوانین اور نظام سے مطابقت نہیں رکھتے ۔ جہاں تک حدود قوانین کے آج کے مروجہ بین الاقوا می قوانین کے ساتھ باہمی مطابقت کا تعلق ہے۔ یہ امر واقع ہے کہ ان میں باہمی مطابقت موجود نہیں ہے، نہ تو ضروری ہے اور نہ یہ ممکن ہے۔ اس فرق کی بنیادی وجہ یہ ہے کہ مروجہ بین الاقوا می قوانین اور اسلامی فوجداری قوانین کے ماخذ اور سرچشمے الگ الگ ہیں۔ اسلامی قوانین کا ماخذ وحی الہٰی اور آسمانی تعلیمات ہیں کیونکہ فوجداری قوانین یا حدود کی جو عملی صور تیں اسلامی شریعت میں بیان کی جاتی ہیں ان کی بنیا دالہامی تعلیمات( تورات اور قرآن مجید کی...
Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) asked the Ummat to build a strong bond with Quran and Sunnah. However, it was not possible to hold these, till both were not maintained in their original form. The science of Hadith has a significant role in the preservation of this Islamic Intellectual Heritage. It became possible because of the tremendous efforts of the Muslim Scholars who spent their entire lives in learning and spreading the Islamic knowledge. Imam Muslim bin Hajjaj al Qushairi 578 AD is one of the most enthusiastic, popular, and authentic personalities in the field of science of Hadith and among the bibliography of the narrators of Hadiths. His compilation As-Sahih Al-Jamey has a major contribution in preservation of Hadith. It is considered as the second most authentic book after The Quran. The paper discusses in details about the life of this intellectual personal, his journeys, his teachers, his students, his status, and his other research works.
In this thesis, two new methods for solution of nonlinear system of equations f(x) = 0 using
two decomposition techniques are established, first is Adomian decomposition technique and
second is Varsha decomposition technique. We expand f(x) to second order then apply both of
these techniques one by one. The convergence order of both these algorithms is three and
efficiency index is p
1/d
=1.442.
The main benefit of this scheme is that we get root of function even after one or two
iterations, obviously has minimum computational complexity as compare to previous systems.
Both methods almost give the same results and convergence orders.
In practice, for large scale problems, many iterative methods can be derived by using two
decomposition techniques with some modifications in Newton Raphson method.
The order of convergence of new iteration formulas can be derived analytically and with the
help of Maple. Some examples are given to illustrate the performance and precision of new
algorithms. These algorithms can be assumed as generalization of old methods for solving
nonlinear equations.