شیخ انس یٰسین
دوسرا حادثہ سعودی عرب کے سابق ہندوستانی سفیر شیخ انس یٰسین کی وفات کا ہے، ابھی وہ جوان تھے، لیکن تدبر و معاملہ فہمی میں تجربہ کار بوڑھوں سے کم نہ تھے، وہ مختلف اوقات میں مختلف ملکوں کی سفارت پر رہے، آج کل ٹرکی میں سفیر تھے، وہیں کار کے حادثہ میں وفات پائی، ان میں اپنے مذہب و ملت کا بڑا درد تھا، ہندوستان کے اسلامی اداروں سے ان کو خاص دلچسپی تھی، اپنی سفارت کے زمانہ میں متعدد اداروں کو دیکھا اور ان کی مدد بھی کی، دارالمصنفین کے بھی محسن تھے، یہاں آنے کا وعدہ بھی کیا تھا، مگر ایسے موقع پیش آتے رہے کہ آنا نہ ہوسکا، دو سال ہوئے دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء کے مدرسہ ثانویہ کی عمارت کا سنگ بنیاد رکھنے کے لئے لکھنو آئے تھے تو ان سے ملاقات ہوئی تھی، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی،اگست ۱۹۷۴ء)
This study addresses the issue of interpersonal communication patterns in establishing a harmonious family. Communication is emphasized in the holy Qur'an as a crucial aspect of human life, particularly for Muslims. Poor communication is one of the factors that can lead to marital disharmony or discomfort within the family. Therefore, effective communication is essential for a healthy family life. To achieve a harmonious and content family, it is essential to understand the patterns of interpersonal communication within the family. This will lead to a peaceful and comfortable environment for all members. The authors aim to discuss effective communication techniques, both in general and within a religious context, to establish a happy family. The research focuses on examining theories related to positive communication patterns within the family. The methodology employed for this research is library research. A balanced communication pattern is essential for forming a harmonious family. Additionally, precise subject-specific vocabulary should be used when it conveys the meaning more precisely than a similar non-technical term. This involves open communication where each member has an equal opportunity to express their opinions about family life. It is important to avoid any biased or emotional language and to use clear, objective, and value-neutral language. The text is grammatically correct and follows conventional academic structure and formatting. No changes in content have been made.
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycaemia secondary to impaired insulin secretion, impaired insulin action or both. In Kenya, an estimated 750,000 people are diabetic with more than 50% estimated to be unaware of their status.
Conventionally, diagnosis has been based on plasma glucose levels. In 2010, Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was approved by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and World Health Organisation (WHO) for diagnosis of diabetes. However, different studies have shown variations in diagnostic performance of HbA1c.
Research question: What is the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of HbA1c in diagnosis of diabetes and prediabetes at Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi?
Primary objective: To determine the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of HbA1c based on the ADA cut-off values, in diagnosis of diabetes and prediabetes at Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi
Secondary objective: To determine the correlation of HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose levels in diagnosis of diabetes and prediabetes.
To determine the HbA1c cut-off level optimal for diagnosis of diabetes and prediabetes in the study population.
To determine the association between anthropometric characteristics, and HbA1c
Methodology: Cross-sectional study that recruited participants from those directed to undertake fasting plasma glucose at Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi in 2016-2017.
Sample size: One hundred and fifty seven non replicate samples were evaluated.
Data collection and statistical analysis: HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose levels were determined for each participant. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed and the area under curve calculated for HbA1c to determine its sensitivity and specificity.
Results: Fifteen study participants (9.6%) were diagnosed with diabetes based on criteria combining fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c while fifty five (35.5%) had prediabetes.
ROC curves found the HbA1c cut-off of ≥6.5% to have high sensitivity (93.3%) and specificity (98.6%) in diagnosis of diabetes. HbA1c was also shown to have high sensitivity and specificity (87.3% and 86.9% respectively) in diagnosis of prediabetes using the range of 5.7-6.4% as recommended by ADA
Conclusion: HbA1c showed high diagnostic accuracy in diabetes and prediabetes using the current cut-offs recommended by ADA. Based on these findings, this study recommends adoption of HbA1c in the national guidelines for diagnosis of prediabetes and diabetes.