Voluminous work has been produced on transnational investments-led growth through technology transfers and imitation yet the empirics remain inconclusive. We consider regional differentials in absorption capacity and capacity to imitate as major factors underlying mixed results across the empirical literature about Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and economic growth nexus. This work, broadly argues that the impact of FDI on growth depends on its interaction with human capital and domestic investment. This study also proposes that transnational investments are prone to uncertainty and that the estimated relationship is sensitive to proxies and measures used for uncertainty. In this backdrop, this study envisages examining the role of FDI in economic growth of Developing Asia over a time span of 1980-2007. To put the arguments to an empirically testable framework, building on endogenous growth theory, a model for growth is derived based on Romer (1991) and developed by Borensztein et al. (1998) which we extend from a single equation to a Simultaneous Equation Model (SEM) to deal with potential simultaneity across the variables. Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) is employed to control for endogeniety of the dependent variables. This study finds a strong positive interaction between FDI and human capital that suggest that the benefits of FDI are conditional on the absorption capacity of recipients. Also a strong and robust net crowding out effect of FDI is shown. FDI and domestic investment do not demonstrate a significant interactive effect on economic growth. Lower levels of human capital coupled with net crowding out of the domestic investment serves to compromise the effects of FDI on growth for the region. Furthermore, physical capital is found to be a significant determinant of FDI inflows and economic growth. Malthusian theory that over population dissuades economic growth in the region is supported. The FDI-Uncertainty relationship varies across the alternative measures used for uncertainty. The standard deviation of the real effective exchange rate is inversely related to FDI. In contrast, uncertainty measures generated through GARCH drives FDI inflows to the region indicating different response to Risk vs. Uncertainty. Regime durability is found paying a positive premium to growth. This study contributes to the literature in two ways. First, it is the first study that we are aware of that analyzes the FDI-Uncertainty-Growth linkages for developing Asia. Secondly, the analyses are conducted using simultaneous framework that captures feedback between FDI, domestic investment and economic growth. This work also controls for simultaneity and endogeniety bias by employing Instrumental Variable (IV) estimation technique in SEM framework. Also our work contributes to empirical literature on uncertainty and FDI and uncertainty and economic growth by employing alternative measures of uncertainty which help better understand the nexus in context of risk vs. uncertainty hypothesis. Additionally, this work provides plausible reasons behind mixed results in previous work that has looked at FDI-growth linkages. Based on the findings, on the whole, we recommend formulating policies to produce efficient human capital through scientific education and creating market driven skills. Well devised population policy not only hinging on slowing down the population growth rates but also a better management of human capital should be devised. Most importantly, FDI inflows should be directed to selective sectors and areas where it can make complementarities with domestic capital. Physical infrastructure should be improved both in quality and quantity.
فرد قائم ربط ملت سے ہے تنہا کچھ نہیں نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم معزز سامعین اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر لب کشائی کی سعادت حاصل ہورہی ہے وہ ہے:’’فرد قائم ربط ملت سے ہے تنہا کچھ نہیں ‘‘ صدرِذی وقار! فرد ملت کی بنیادی اکائی ہے ،فرد ہے تو ملت ہے، فرد ہے تو قوم کا وجود ہے، فرد ہے تو اس کائنات کی رنگینیاں ہیں، فرد ہے تو اس کا ئنات کی رعنائیاں ہیں ، فرد ہے تواس گیتی کے گلشن میں بہار ہے، فرد ہے تو اس گلستانِ ہستی میں نکھارہے۔ جنابِ صدر! یہ مصرع ہمیں اتحاد کا درس دے رہا ہے۔ہمیں اتحاد کی بابت آگاہ کر رہا ہے، فردکا وجود ہی اتحاد کی بدولت قائم ہے، اتحادکا لفظ ہے ہی بڑی جاذبیت کا حامل ، یہ جس فقرے میں آ جائے اس کے معنی میں حسن پیدا ہو جاتا ہے، چند اینٹیں متحد ہو جائیں تو مکان کی تعمیر ہو جاتی ہے، چند قطرے متحد ہو جائیں تو بحر بے کنار کی شکل اختیار کر لیتے ہیں۔ صدرِ ذی وقار! اتحاد جس صورت میں بھی موجود ہو قابل تحسین تصور کیا جاتا ہے، جوقوم آپس میں مربوط ہوتی ہے وہ ہر لحاظ سے خوش و خرم ہوتی ہے، اس کی فضاؤں میں آلودگی کا زہر نہیں ہوتا، اس کے کھلیانوں میں غیر نافع بوٹیاں نہیں اگتیں، اس کے شجر سایہ دار خزاں آشنا نہیں ہوتے ، اس کے میدان ویران نہیں ہوتے ، اس کے ہسپتال آباد نہیں ہوتے۔ جنابِ صدر! اسلام میں اتحادِ ملی پر بڑا زور دیا گیا ہے، حدیث پاک میں ہے کہ مسلمان مسلمان کا بھائی ہے، مسلمان مسلمان کوگالی نہیں دیتا، مسلمان مسلمان کو برا بھلا نہیں...
This study discusses tourists gude overview regarding the destination of tourism place in Gorontalo. This sort of inquire about is quantitative. Information collection strategies in this consider incorporate perception, this strategy is done by watching all exercises at the inquire about locationThe results shows that in terms of openness, Gorontalo has met the standard of accessibility of get to for sightseers to enter and exit Gorontalo as well as most of the get to to different visitor attractions in Gorontalo Tourism Goals. It is fundamental to extend the quality of human assets within the tourism division in Gorontalo. An appraisal of the uniqueness of Gorontalo culture which is considered exceptionally great may be a reality that happens in each locale in Indonesia since Indonesia is wealthy in social differing qualities which of course has its possess uniqueness.
Due to the lack of heat transfer rate of traditional fluids like water, ethylene, kerosene oil and some others, scientists over the year have made efforts to improve the thermal properties of these traditional fluids based on the idea of nanofluids. In this manuscript, we have used different available models for thermal conductivity of nanofluids to analyze the behavior of velocity and temperature profiles. The base fluid mostly considered is water, while Copper (Cu) and the carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been utilized as the nanoparticles. thermal conductivity have been employed in particular. The flows passing through nonparallel walls, stretching sheet problems and the flow over a wedge have been keen areas of focus in the manuscript. A novel analysis for the flow of nanofluids in converging/diverging channels when the walls are stretching/shrinking has also been included. Also, the squeezing flow of nanofluids in a channel with lower stretching wall has also been studied. The influence of magnetic field on the flow and heat transfer of nanofluids is also studied. In some of the problems, Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects are also considered. The radiation effects have also been included in modeling the problems using Buongiorno servations laws used to model the physical problems have been used. Employing suitable similarity transformations, the equations that govern the flow are transformed to a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Some analytical as well as numerical schemes have been used for the solution purpose. The results thus obtained are compared with some of the existing ones, and the agreement between the solutions is highlighted in the form of tables. Variations in velocity, temperature and concentration profiles with respect to the parameters involved are simulated graphically with the help of different mathematical software.