The dairy industry is associated with the production of contaminated waste water. The whey disposal remains a serious pollution problem for dairy industry, particularly in developing countries. Direct disposal of whey in the environment creates serious pollution problems, it destroys the physical and chemical structure of soil which decreases the crops yield and if discarded in water bodies, it reduces the aquatic life. The best solution to this environmental problem is the enzymatic hydrolysis of whey by using β-galactosidase which catalyses the hydrolysis of lactose (main constituent of whey) into its basic monomers, glucose and galactose. β-galactosidase can be obtained from different sources like plants, animals and microorganisms whereas bacterial β-galactosidase is generally regarded as safe. The basic aim of present research is to investigate the utilization of dairy industrial waste (cheese whey) as a substrate for the biosynthesis of β-galactosidase to convert environmental waste into useful biomaterial from a noval β-galactosidase producing bacterial isolate from Antarctica. Two hundred and thirty five isolates were obtained from five samples (ice, water and microbial mats) collected from different sites of Antarctica and screened for their ability to produce β-galactosidase by using X-gal. A total of 61 bacterial isolates which turned blue on X-gal were then cultured in R2 medium and Marine medium aseptically at 10˚C for one month. The most potent bacterial isolates were identified using a polyphasic taxonomical approach. Cells were found strictly aerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped, motile and formed creamy white, half transparent colonies. Growth occurred at 4°C to 28°C with an optimum at 20°C, with 0 – 5.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum at 0 - 1.0 %) and at pH 4.0 – 11.0 (optimum at pH 7.0 - 9.0). The major fatty acid was C18:1 ω7c. Respiratory quinone was ubiquinone 10 (Q-10). The DNA G+C content was 60.7 %. The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylmethanolamine in addition to three unidentified lipids, one unknown glycolipid, and five unidentified phospholipids. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed highest sequence similarity (98.1 %) to Pararhizobium giardinii H152T, P. herbae CCBAU 83011T, and “P. polonicum” F5.1T. In silico average nucleotide identity (ANI) and genome-to-genome distance calculator (GGDC) showed 81.1 % identity (ANI) and 22.6 % identity (GGDC) to the closest relative, “P. polonicum” F5.1T. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic, genomic and chemotaxonomic data, the two strains represent a novel species of the genus Pararhizobium, for which the name Pararhizobium antarcticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NAQVI 59T LSRP00000000 (=DSMZ 103442T = LMG29675T). Strains NAQVI-58 and NAQVI-59T showed the highest enzyme production (0.21 U/ml) for strain NAQVI-58 and (0.33 U/ml) for strain NAQVI-59 with cheese whey as a substrate at pH (7), 28 ˚C and after 48 hours of incubation respectively. In this study, a new Pararhizobium sp. is discovered by using dairy industrial waste cheese whey as a substrate which is further used for the production of β-galactosidase.
سراج منیر لاہور سے پروفیسر محمد اسلم، صدر شعبہ تاریخ، پنجاب یونیورسٹی نے اطلاع دی ہے کہ ادارۂ ثقافت اسلامی کے سربراہ اور المعارف کے مدیر اعلیٰ جناب سراج منیر اچانک حرکتِ قلب بند ہوجانے سے انتقال کرگئے، اﷲ تعالیٰ ادارہ کو ان کا نعم البدل عطا کرے اور مرحوم کی مغفرت فرمائے ، دارالمصنفین ان کے اعزہ و ادارہ ٔ ثقافت کے غم میں برابر کا شریک ہے۔ (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، اکتوبر ۱۹۹۰ء)
The extract is that the plastic surgery is legitimate for medical treatment. Any kind of transformation in the creation of Allah is illegitimate. For women the removal of extra hair the usage of different kind of creams etc for fairness is legitimate. The transformation of inborn deficiency is legitimated. In case of deception and for the sake of Satan the illegitimate transformation in human body which is bestowed by ALLAH is considered as ingratitude and ungratefulness to ALLAH which is abominable and invalid.
Toxoplasmosis is a cosmopolitan zoonotic infection caused by a coccidian protozoan Toxoplasma gondii which affects a wide range of hosts including humans, all other mammals and birds. The main route of transmission to herbivorous animals is through ingestion of sporulated oocysts. However the infection can also be transmitted to carnivorous or omnivorous hosts via consumption of tissue cysts present in meat. Wild and domestic cats are the principal reservoir where oocysts are produced during sexual phase of lifecycle. The infection is considered nonexistent or rare without cats. Livestock animals when infected during pregnancy are suffered from parasitemia which can infect placenta and fetus that ultimately results in fetal resorption, miscarriage, death or mummification. Apart from being hazardous to livestock animals the T. gondii infection is also important due to its zoonotic implications. Congenital abnormalities in humans such as microcephaly, hydrocephaly, chorioretinitis, convulsion, cerebral calcification, epilepsy, blindness, deafness and mental retardation may occur if the mother acquires infection during pregnancy. Apart from congenital anomalies, T. gondii also causes severe neuropathologic infections in immunocompromised hosts such as AIDS patients and the patients of cancer undergone chemotherapy. Current study was designed to workout the sero- epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep, goats, cattle, buffaloes, cats, dogs and humans in northern parts of Pakistan because no such work previously exists in the country. For this purpose serum samples from 413 sheep, 419 goats, 400 cattle, 422 buffaloes, 408 dogs, 420 cats and 1659 humans were screened for presence or absence of Toxoplasma-specific IgG and IgM antibodies by using enzyme-linkedxxiii immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Additional data related to various possible risk factors in all the studied hosts was obtained on questionnaire by surveys and interviews. Multivariate logistic regression model was applied to associate the infection with possible risk factors. Overall prevalence of infection was 18.16 percent in sheep (75/413), 14.32 percent (60/419) in goats, 19.75 percent (79/400) in cattle, 15.17 percent (64/422) in buffaloes, 28.43 percent (116/408) in dogs, 26.43 percent (111/420) in cats and 20.37 (338/1659) in humans. Seroprevalence did not vary significantly in all hosts in four districts. A steady increase in seroprevalence was observed in all hosts with increasing age. Prevalence was high in female sheep, goats, cattle and buffaloes as compared to males. No difference of seroprevalence in different breeds of livestock was observed except Salt Range (P<0.05, OR=5.51) sheep which showed more than five fold high prevalence as compared to other breeds of sheep. Risk factors which were significantly associated with T. gondii infection in livestock animals were poor hygienic conditions (all livestock species), outdoor water sources (goats), presence of cats in vicinity (all livestock species), extensive management system (all livestock species), pregnancy (sheep and buffaloes) and large herd size (sheep and goats). In cats and dogs seroprevalence was also high in animals older than one year. Risk factors which significantly associated with T. gondii infection in pet animals were rural area (dogs) and excess to outside (cats and dogs). Seroprevalence also increased with age in humans and was also high in females. Risk factors which were significantly associated with seroprevalence were occupation, low level of education (P<0.05, OR=2.32), consumption of mutton, outdoor water sources (P<0.05, OR=1.97), high meat eating frequency (P<0.05, OR=2.73), preference forxxiv undercooked meat (P<0.05, OR=2.11), availability of cats in surroundings (P<0.05, OR=1.42), soil exposure (P<0.05, OR=1.82), pregnancies (P<0.05, OR=7.60) and abortions (P<0.05, OR=5.00). T. gondii infection was high in post rainy seasons with high temperature, abundant rainfall and high percentage of relative humidity. The results from present study show that T. gondii infection is widespread in all the possible hosts in Pakistan and have important application for livestock industry and public health.