Introduction
In the Indo-Pak sub-continent, Sindh is the first of the zones where the advent of Islām was the earliest. Historically, the scholars here did a great work of intellect and research. In the year 270 A. H/883A. D, due to internal disturbance, so many small states came into being. [1]
Out of these, the state of Manṣūrah was taken over by the Ḥubārī tribe. Muslim ruler ‘Abdallāh bin ‘Umar Ḥubārī of Manṣūrah had sent a scholar to Hindū Rājāh of Alvar on his request who presented the translation of the Qur’ān in his court. This incident narrated by the famous historian Buzurg Bin Shehr Yār has also been endorsed by renowned historians of the sub-continent. [2]But nothing with certainty can be said about the symmetrical order and the dictation of this translation, however, it is certain that the honor of translating the Qur’ān the first of all lies with Sindh. [3]
In the era of Arghaun and Tarkhān, Makhdūm Nūḥ Hālāe’ (d:998 A. H/1589A. D) properly translated the Qur’ān in Persian which has become available in secured form despite the varying times. [4]
This translation, with the efforts and research of ‘Allāma Muṣṭafā Qāsmī (d:1424A. H/2003A. D) has been published by Sindh Literary Board Ḥyderābād. This translation was compiled even earlier than the translation of famous researcher Shāh Walī Allāh(d:1176A. H/1762A. D). In this regard, we are justified to opine that in the sub-continent the honor of the first translation in the Persian language also goes to Sindh. In that period, a movement among the Sindhī Scholars emerged that the Islamic literature and art be documented in the mother tongue Sindhī so that a...
Sahih al-Bukhari by Imam Abu Abdullah Mohammad al-Bukhari comes second to the Holy Quran as a fundamental source of Islam. It is a most authentic collection of sayings and deeds of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH), which covers almost all aspects of life in providing proper guidance from the Messenger of Allah. The Muslim scholars of past and present time gave great importance to this book by making their efforts to extract the hidden treasures from this book and to present the different approaches and benefits of this book. “Al Kawakib Ad Durari” by Imam Alkirmani is an old explanation of Sahih Bukhari. During studying “Fath al Bari” I found that Alhafiz Ibne Hajar has consulted “Al Kawakib Ad Durari” and quoted Imam Alkirmani’s commentary and added it. Alhafiz Ibn e Hajar differs at many times with the opinions of Imam Alkirmani about specific time, place, different tribes and personalities mentioned in the text of traditions. I wanted to study such analysis to check the right opinion after comparing statements of both Imams and by consulting with the statements of other scholars of this field. This article approves that judgments of Ibn e Hajar about specific time, place, different tribes and personalities are more authentic than opinions of imam Alkirmani.
The necessity of novel chemical entities is intensively served by the plant and herbal sources in the improvement and betterment of health care system. Majority of the marketed medicines are either derived or inspired by herbal medicinal products. There are several drugs in allopathic system that are derived from natural sources, mainly from plants. Today there is an extensive list of plants with known therapeutic activity. Natural resources are still considered as an important source for discovery of novel drugs and compounds. Rosa damascena Mill. also known as Damascus rose, Damask rose or Rose of Castile belongs to Rosaceae family is famous all over the world for its pleasant aroma and ornamental beauty. It is widely cultivated all over the world and is considered highly beneficial for human health as it contains high content of organic and inorganic compounds such as vitamins, minerals, bioflavonoids, tannins, carotenoids, phenolic compounds etc. Aqua distillate of Rosa damascena Mill. prepared by hydro-distillation process is a rich source of polyphenols, bio-flavonoids, terpenes, volatile components and contains citronellol, geraniol, quercetin, kaempferol, eugenol, ellagic acid, linalool etc. As majority of the therapeutic and pharmacological uses reported from Rosa damascena Mill. flower are of its aqueous, hydro-alcoholic, ethanolic, methanolic or chloroformic extracts or of its essential oil and very limited pharmacological studies were done on aqua distillate of this plant, therefore, this research is designed to investigate the pharmacological potential of aqua distillate of Rosa damascena Mill. at two different doses i.e. 250mg per kg and 500mg per kg. In neuro-pharmacological studies, results of open field, light and dark box, water maze and passive avoidance tests revealed remarkable anxiolytic and memory boosting effects of aqua distillate of Rosa damascena Mill. administered in two different doses suggesting its beneficial role in different anxiety disorders and memory impairment. HPLC analysis of brain biogenic amines revealed positive effects of aqua distillate of Rosa damascena Mill. on brain dopamine and serotonin levels and showed its ability to prevent depletion of these amines and decrease their conversion into respective metabolites in brain suggesting its promising role in cognitive impairment, in neuro degenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s (PD), in depression and different anxiogenic states including obsessive compulsive disorder and social anxiety disorder. Alzheimer’s animal model and its histopathological findings revealed neuro-protective and anti-Alzheimer potential of aqua distillate of Rosa damascena Mill. which could be a novel addition in antiAlzheimer’s remedies. In in-vivo anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive studies, our findings revealed notable anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive potential of aqua distillate of Rosa damascena Mill. at both doses. Our findings on metabolic disorder models revealed marked anti-hyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of aqua distillate of Rosa damascena Mill. in diabetes induced and hyperlipidemic rats respectively, suggesting its positive role in treatment of diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Our findings from metabolic cage method also revealed mild diuretic effects of Rosa damascena Mill. (aqua distillate). Hematological screening of Rosa damascena Mill. (aqua distillate) at both doses revealed hematopoietic potential of Rosa damascena Mill. suggesting its beneficial role in anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Biochemical screening of Rosa damascena Mill. (aqua distillate) at both doses showed no fatal and toxic effects on major organs such as liver, kidney and heart suggesting its strong safety profile. Safety profile was also established by LD50/brain shrimp lethality assay in which aqua distillate of Rosa damascena Mill. showed no cytotoxicity suggesting its cyto-protective action. Overall these studies revealed numerous health promoting and therapeutic benefits of aqua distillate of Rosa damascena Mill.