The acts of terrorism committed by non-state actors on September 11, 2001 were promptly responded by the use of force against Afghanistan, thus, commencing the ‘war on terror.’ This thesis sets out the essential components of the international legal framework i.e. jus ad bellum and jus in bello against which the September 11 attacks and the lawfulness of measures taken in response, thereto, fall to be assessed. The main emphasis remains on relevant laws in relation to the responsibility for 9/11 terrorist attacks, lawful constraints on the use of force in self-defense, limitations on conduct of hostilities under the humanitarian principles and safeguards provided by law-enforcement paradigm to protect basic human rights. This study is, therefore, to highlight the existence of international legal regime capable of addressing the events such as September 11 and governing the responses to that. It enquires the compatibility of the ‘war on terror’ with the legal framework provided by international law especially the Law of Armed Conflict in order to find out the legitimacy of use of force in preemptive self-defense, conduct of military operations to prevent transnational terrorism, targeted killings, collateral damage, detention operations and prosecution procedures. It also refers to the implications for states responsible for noncompliance to the law and subsequently for international rule of law. In this regard, the study explores that interpretation of the law is significant that regulates the state-based rationale behind compliance or noncompliance to the law. If there is a state-will to focus on humanitarian protection of individuals then rationale is more related to the applicability of the law, and if a state uses its influence and powerful status to achieve political-military objectives then rationale is less concerned about the rule of law. This proposition constitutes the threshold of applicability of the law in the ‘war on terror'' and eventually leads to the conclusion that unilateral use of force to counter terrorism is not a viable solution rather it obscures international law as a legal framework in such military operations. This thesis, thus, maintains that the existing international norms and standards can only establish the rule of law, if states interpret the law in its simplest form, apply it regardless of their vested interests and pay due respect to international legal regime.
نواب شوکت خاں دوسرا حادثہ باغپت کے نوجوان رئیس نواب شوکت خاں کی وفات ہے ان کو اﷲ تعالیٰ نے امتیازی و جاہت کے ساتھ دینداری کی دولت سے بھی نوازا تھا، چنانچہ حاجی اور حافظ بھی تھے جس کی مثال جدید تعلیم یافتہ نوجوان رئیسوں میں مشکل سے ملے گی، اسمبلی کے ممبر بھی رہ چکے تھے، سٹی سنٹرل وقف بورڈ کے صدر تھے، اس تعلق سے کئی سال ان سے سابقہ رہا، طبعاً نہایت شریف اور مہذب و متین تھے، عمر چالیس بیالیس سال سے زیادہ نہ تھی، اﷲ تعالیٰ اس نوجوان اور دیندار رئیس کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، فروری ۱۹۶۹ء)
Women are confronted with a lot of problems. In different parts of the world, some social and cultural attitudes still discourage the women from getting their established and assigned rights. The factors which are responsible for this phenomenon include societal norms, orthodoxy and some social customs contrary to islamic instructions. For instance, discrimination against women could be in terms of inadequate nutrition, denial or limited access to education, health and property rights, child labor, domestic violence and forceful marriage. So far as the Islamic instructions are concerned, these are derived from Quran and Sunnah and clearly describe women’s rights but, due to some socio-religious customs and undesirable behaviors the societal status and role of women have been badly affected. An international document, the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women also lists the rights of all girls and women. CEDAW recommends that all discriminations against girls and women must be ended. In this paper, the terms have been analyzed in the context of islamic instructions and teachings, in order to provide academic material for bringing positive change in the society.
Economic success of a country is the success of big corporations of that country. Corporate governance is thus
economic governance in general. Some of the major corporate scandals that stunned global economies and
businesses followed by falling down of corporate giants like Enron, BCCI, Coloroll, Polly Pech, Barings, HIH
Insurance and Parmalat resulted in tight regulations, codes, and principles of corporate governance. These
scandals erupted due to nonexistent of accountability and transparency principles of corporate governance
within these companies as the management concealed important facts from the shareholders and that they
were also not accountable for their actions.
This empirical research study intends to examine different characteristics of Corporate Governance and their
impact on firm performance. These characteristics include Transparency and Accountability. Analysis would
be based on primary data which will be collected through questionnaire from 200 respondents from 10 public
sector companies and 10 private sector companies.
Purpose of the study is to determine the nature of relationship between accountability and transparency with
firm performance in private as well as public sector companies. Results of the study revealed positive
relationship between accountability and transparency with firm performance and vice versa. In case of private
sector companies, there was highly significant relationship between accountability, transparency and firm
performance. Whereas insignificant relationship of the same was observed in public sector companies.