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Womens Lives and Images: Traditional Symbolism in Pakistani Fiction

Thesis Info

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Author

Salahuddin, Ambreen

Program

PhD

Institute

University of the Punjab

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Gender Studies

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10774/1/Ambreen%20Salahuddin_Gender%20Studies_2017_UoPunjab_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725173805

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Pakistani women writers‘ intellectual contribution became the main trigger of this study. During exploration of existing research in the field of gender and literature, a truly visible gap emerged as to the neglect of this forceful contribution by Pakistan women writers to the field of literature, giving a voice to the women of this region and highlighting the role and place of women in the context of Pakistani society. This thesis connects lives of Pakistani women with the images created by Pakistani women fiction writers. Fiction by twenty-six women fiction writers, writing in Urdu, Punjabi, Saraiki, Sindhi, Pushto and English was studied. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were conducted with readers of literature who were divided into four categories. The purpose was to find the place where lives and images of women meet and a true picture of Pakistani women and their lives can be seen. Symbols and archetypes were selected from novels and short stories. As regards to the symbols; the origin, nature, pattern, language and form of conflict in symbols were the organizing themes. Firstly it was discovered that the women writers have explored all avenues and their symbols are studded with mythology, religion, classic texts, folk wisdom, rituals and fairytales. Secondly women writers have indulged in writing abstractly. They have written on life, death, time and space, system and movements of thought etc. It is noticed that the general view that women do not contest the human situation, was challenged herein and powerful themes were touched. Women writers wrote extensively on partition of the sub-continent, global issues relating to wars, exploitations and discriminations of class, race, caste, gender and culture etc., and also on issues of existential and psychological nature. They have talked about world-views and systems. Major movements of Philosophy and literature were traced herein such as Marxism, existentialism, feminism and absurdity. Thirdly, along with presenting the face of society with stereotypical patterns, they have also used symbols that are evolved in nature. Fourthly, it was explored that many writers use narrating pattern of Sufism or mysticism as far as the language is concerned. Also, these writers do not deny their identities as women while writing, but they refrain mostly to indulge in gender-biased or gender-obsessed language. Women writers have also highlighted and explored conflicts in their works including Sexism and conflicts of class, race/ caste, religion etc. As regards to the archetypes, women fiction writers of Pakistan have presented and portrayed the female archetype of this society, and they have also challenged the formation of this archetype; the way an ordinary woman is expected to be seen i.e. as defined by the ‗other‘. This is the feminine consciousness. They have addressed this archetypal representation but have also broken the archetype at places; bringing in the feminist consciousness. Along with these two forms of women consciousness, the third form; female consciousness is also amalgamated in the emerging discourse, as it is traditionally perceived and recognized as part of a woman‘s nature. Some writers are more liberated and have broken the mould. The women in their stories are making choices for themselves, staying single, travelling and exploring the world, running, swimming and dancing without any fear of being seen or judged. This liberty of physical movement also emerged as a major constraint for women of this country and thus these writers used the acts of free bodily movements as symbols of women‘s freedom.The archetypal presence of women was seen with reference to the spaces where women exist. For this purpose, two main spaces, ―Home‖ and ―Outer Space‖, were recognized. Inside the home, women‘s roles in reference to the spaces ―Room‖, ―Behind the stove‖, ―Courtyard‖, ― Balcony‖, ―Windows, doors and roofs‖, and ―Threshold‖, were explored. The ―Outer Space‖ is considered as mainly manly. Women‘s presence in these spaces i.e. ―Streets and Roads‖, ―Educational institutions and workplace‖, Markets, parks and other public spaces‖ were explored. The last outer space was titled as ―She rode away‖, the space of the liberated woman. The respondents were divided in four categories. Six focus group discussions were held in HEC approved public sector universities of Lahore and Islamabad/ Rawalpindi. Twenty-eight participants were chosen for in-depth interviews. Respondents for in-depth interviews in the category of teachers of literature were eight and six teachers from universities of Lahore and Islamabad/ Rawalpindi respectively. In the category of effective minority and emerging writers, eight and six respondents were interviewed. Deconstruction of the female archetype was one basic concern of this research. It was observed that the imprint of the age-old traditions of this region coupled with wrongly interpreted religious norms and customs have made the general attitudes of women of this region crippled to a major extent. It is observed that notions ofliberty and freedom are highlighted all along in fiction by women writers but the true liberal self is found in the writings of a selected few. Same was the case with the perceptions of the readers in focus group discussions. It was difficult for a major chunk of readers to imagine stepping out of false boundaries, but the reassuring thing is that this trend was not to the extent of an alarming passivity. It was observed that the younger the students, the more liberated they were in their understanding. Similar perceptions were observed in in-depth interviews with teachers of literature. However, during in-depth interviews with effective minority and emerging writers of literature, the perceptions were more liberated and there were not concerns at all at the plight of women if they break barriers and prove themselves to be humans with choices, ideals and aims. It was found out during focus group discussions that literary texts by female writers of Pakistan can be effectively used methodologically for the purpose of consciousness-raising. One notion that was a major finding of this research was the effectiveness in the writings in instances particularly focusing on the oppression, suppression, exploitation and degradation of women. These were parts that showed the ways lives of all women touched the writers and which had strength to shake women readers thus becoming a powerful bridge connecting all women together and leading to the greater notion of sisterhood
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مولانا حامد علی خاں

مولانا حامد علی خاں مرحوم
رام پور کسی زمانہ میں دارالعلوم اوردارالعلماء تھا۔یہاں کی گلی گلی کے اندر اونچے سے اونچے علماء موجود تھے۔طلباء کی بھی انتہائی کثرت تھی۔ہزاروں کی تعداد میں یہاں طلباء موجود رہتے تھے جس میں افغانی،پنجابی،بنگالی،آسامی،برما اوررنگون تک کے رہنے والے یہاں آتے تھے۔خود مقامی آدمیوں کوبھی انتہائی ذوق تھا کہ وہ عربی اورفارسی پڑھیں اوراس میں کمال حاصل کریں۔
یہاں پرفارسی کے باکمال حضرات میں سے مولوی عبدالرزاق خاں طالبؔ(متوفی۱۹۱۶ء)مولوی حسین شاہ خاں نامیؔ(م۱۸۹۴ء)بڑے بڑے قابل فارسی داں ہوئے۔عربی داں حضرات میں یہاں پرکچھ تومقامی علماء ہوئے اور کچھ بیرونی علماء نے یہاں آکر سکونت اختیار کرلی۔بیرونی علماء میں سے مولانا عبدالعلی بحرالعلوم(م۱۱۲۵ھ)تین سال تک رام پور میں رہے۔ملا محمد حسن لکھنوی عرصۂ دراز تک یہاں پررہے، یہیں شادی کی اور یہیں۱۷۸۴ء/۱۱۹۹ھ میں انتقال فرمایا۔ مولوی فضل حق صاحب خیرآبادی (م۱۸۶۱ء)مولوی عبدالحق خیر آبادی (م۱۸۹۹ء) بھی یہاں مقیم رہے۔عبدالحق خیرآبادی کے صاحبزادے مولوی اسد الحق صاحب نے بھی یہیں پر۱۳۱۸ھ/۱۹۰۰ء میں انتقال فرمایا۔
مقامی علماء میں سے مولانا فضل حق رامپوری بڑے جلیل القدر علامہ ہوئے۔ برما سے لے کر بخارا تک ان کا چرچا تھا۔انھوں نے بڑی گراں قدر تصانیف چھوڑی ہیں کہ جن کے پڑھنے والے اور پڑھانے والے بھی اب دنیا میں موجود نہیں رہے۔مولانا موصوف میرے استاذ تھے اور عرصۂ دراز تک مدرسہ عالیہ کے پرنسپل رہے۔ ۱۹۴۰ء میں وصال ہوگیا۔ مولانا منور علی صاحب (م۱۹۳۳ء) یہاں کے مشہور محدث تھے۔ان کے استاذ الاستاذ میاں محمد شاہ صاحب (۱۹۲۰ء)اوران کے استاذ میاں حسن شاہ صاحب(م۱۳۱۲ھ)محدثین کرام میں سے تھے۔مولوی اکبر علی خاں صاحب(م۱۳۰۲ھ)بھی یہاں کے مشہورومعروف محدث تھے، مولانا عبدالعلی خاں ریاضی داں (م۱۳۰۳ھ) اور مولوی عبدالعلی صاحب منطقی(م۱۲۷۸ھ)بھی یہاں کے مشہور عالم ہوئے۔ الغرض یہ حضرات وہ تھے کہ جن میں سے بعض کو میں نے خود بھی دیکھا تھا۔ میرے طالب علمی کے زمانہ میں مولوی...

Religiosity for Promotion of Behavior: Role of Islamic Worships in Moral Development of Muslim Youth

The question of moral rectitude and upbringing of youth in the current social arena is the contemporary discovery attributed to social and family norms that also undergo change due to social and economic reasons. Consequently, deferring levels of piety become more or less acceptable according to an individual’s surroundings and age. The study was done to determine the association between religiosity and behaviors likely to improve the moral, social and psychological habits of young Muslims. The discussion of the article contextualizes the effects of observing practices of Islam on a larger scale. A sample study of this research can be used as evidence to counter the contemporary environment which inevitably generates contradictions for young people. The contradictions result in uncertainty and materialistic atmosphere which does not cater to their spiritual needs and the requirements to develop as the youth of Ummah. Yet, we cannot stop or avoid the negative channels and their effects prevailing on the internet. We can; however, extend the positive spiritual energy in youth that is only possible through careful observance of religious practices comprising regular prayers, fasting, charity and pilgrimage (Hajj). The current apathy of our youth towards the religious injunctions may be attributed to social and family norms that are in some cases relative to the economic conditions and social backup. This will evaluate and assess the way and means of effective inlaying of moral fields where our young people can improve their moral aptitude and rectitude. The impasse of current moral turpitude can be shattered with the bounding relation of human activity and Islamic ritual.

Some Aspects of Biology and Fishery of the Sea Catfishes in Pakistan

Human-influenced coastal ecosystem and overharvest of fishery resources require information to present management agencies, but it is often hampered by the paucity of information about systematic, demography, feeding ecology, nutritional quality and exploitation of high valued fish species. In Pakistan sea catfishes are ecologically and economically important fishery resource usually caught as by-catch but recently emerged to be a target fishery owing to its soar demand. The sustainability of this valuable fishery had not been successfully assessed due to dearth of scientific data. The goal of this study was to gather data on demographics, population dynamics and nutritional quality of the species of great commercial value. Provide improved and cohesive data to the stakeholder to framework and strategies management decisions. The dissertation is fragmented into six parts, Chapter I comprises of an introduction to sea catfishes, demography, distribution, spine envenomation, consumption, feeding habits, diet overlap, nutritional value, and medicinal use of skins derivatives. Research questions and study objectives are also included in this part. The attempt was made to simplify species identification based on morphological and otolith shape parameters of the members of family Ariidae and Plotosidae are described in Chapter II. The length-weight relationships were determined from the data of 995 specimens and 867 lapillus otoliths were used to provide novel information on quantitative biometric relationships between fish body and otolith measurements of eleven sea catfishes. Nutritional quality of fish flesh and maw (swimbladder) of bronze, Netuma bilineata and blacktip, Plicofollis dussumieri is delineated in Chapter III. No significant differences in protein contents in flesh were noted for both of the sea catfishes. Overall fat contents in flesh of blacktip catfish were (3.6%) and bronze (0.85%) respectively. The flesh of both species contains all essential amino acids with varying rate of composition for instance lysine found to be major AAs in flesh of bronze catfish. In comparison to functional FAAs, essential EAAs were relatively low in flesh and maw of both of the species. Quantitatively glutamic acid was significantly high in fish flesh and maw than rest of the functional AAs. The EPA, ecosapentaenoic acid (20:5ω3) and DHA, docosahexaenoic acid (22:6ω3) found to be higher among all PUFA. The estimates of index of high nutritional value (n-3/n-6) PUFA percentages 16.8 and 15.4 demonstrated that bronze and blacktip sea catfish flesh are potential source of ω3−PUFA. A comprehensive account of feeding habits, prey diversity, diet composition and overlap in bronze and blacktip sea catfishes are given in Chapter IV. Stomach data of 342 bronze catfish and 283 blacktip sea catfish were examined. Diet composition and feeding strategy of each species by identification of stomach contents were weighed and enumerated. Both species primarily consumed teleosts, Brachyura and small amounts of a wide variety of prey items; however, specialization was a more common trait for the bronze catfish than for the black tip sea catfish. The Morisita-Horn index showed considerable diet overlap in percentage of mean weights (0.847) than in numbers (0.612) between co-prey pairs of both species. The present study evaluation of the feeding strategy and potential competition between two sympatric species of marine catfishes can provide the framework for their conservation and management in the region. Fishery, age, growth, mortality and sexual maturity of bronze, Netuma bilineata and blacktip, Plicofollis dussumieri sea catfishes are described in Chapter V. Six year 2010‒2015 landing data records an average (6751 tonnes) contribution of sea catfishes to the total marine fish catch from the northern Arabian Sea coast of Pakistan. The growth parameters of asymptotic length, growth coefficients and theoretical length at zero age were 113 TLcm, 0.690year-1 and ‒0.063 year-1 for bronze and 84 TLcm, 0.790 year-1, ‒0.200 year-1 estimated for blacktip catfishes. Bronze catfish attains age of five year at the size of 68 TLcm and blacktip six year of age at 63 TLcm. About 46% of the population of bronze was aged 2+ years, 31.5 MeanTL,cm and 69%, aged 3+ year, 34.7 MeanTL,cm of blacktip have been fished prior sexual maturity that does not allow them to reach at the size of to spawn. It is suggested that legal landing size LLS should not be set beyond 38 and 36 (cm) for bronze and blacktip catfishes. Overall outcomes of this study are discussed in Chapter VI, plus some plausible recommendations and benefits of the research are delineated.