Workplace mistreatment is although one of crucial reality of organization life that exists inevitably but it may possess certain potential in collaboration with other variables to act into prosocial behaviors. Based on Conservation of Resources theory (COR) this research study investigated reciprocity norm model of employee voice to workplace ostracism through fear of negative evaluation as mediator. Workplace ostracism resulted into increase in prohibitional voice through fear of negative evaluation. But this model explained that although workplace ostracism led employees to fear of negative evaluation but belief in reciprocity as moderator has property to weak this relationship. In an environment of workplace ostracism, the belief in reciprocity sets the degree of employees’ understanding to avoid fear of negative evaluation in which they feel themselves responsible for workplace social exclusion and inconsideration. Further, fear of negative evaluation led to employee voice by incorporating employees’ personal tendencies to reciprocate positively or negatively which influence their promotional or prohibitional voice for conserving or acquiring social resources.Hence, this study tried to contribute to the understanding of voice by conceptually and empirically exploring the role of fear of negative evaluation in relation with the personalized norm of reciprocity for producing prosocial employee behaviors. This study was time-lagged study. Data was collected in three waves from education sector of Pakistan, comprising faculty and non-faculty members working at different hierarchical levels in public and private school, colleges and universities. For data analysis SPSS, AMOS and PROCESS software Hayes (2013) was used for testing the conditional moderating impacts of moderators on outcome variables. Confirmatory factor analysis and multiple hierarchal regression techniques were used for direct and indirect effects of exogenous variables on endogenous variables. Through convenience sampling 309 responses were collected from the population of education sector of Pakistan, comprising faculty and non-faculty members working in public and private school, colleges and universities. Results have shown non significant relationship between workplace ostracism and promotive voice whereas positive relation with prohibitive voice. There was a full mediation of fear of negative evaluation between workplace ostracism and promotional voice whereas partial mediation between workplace ostracism and prohibitional voice. Belief in reciprocity moderated the relationship between workplace ostracism and fear of negative evaluation. Positive reciprocity and negative reciprocity also moderated the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and promotional voice and prohibitional voice respectively.
حقوق انسانی کا اسلامی تصور ہر مذہب میں حقوقِ انسانی پر اپنے اپنے طریقہ کار کے تحت زور دیا گیا ہے، دنیا کے تمام مذاہب کسی نہ کسی طور پر حقوق انسانی کا پرچار کرتے ہیں ،حقوقِ انسانی کو اسلام میں جو اہمیت دی گئی ہے اس کا کوئی تصور اس سے قبل کسی شریعت یا معاشرے میں نہ تھا۔ اسلامی شریعت اس کی تلخیص کچھ یوں پیش کرتی ہے ’’ در دل کے واسطے پیدا کیا انسان کو‘‘ اگر کوئی محتاج ہو تو اس کی احتیاج دور کرنا ، اگر کوئی بیمار ہے تو اس کی عیادت کرنا، بیواؤں کی سر پرستی ،یتیموں کی پرورش، مجبورو معذور افراد کی دستگیری ، ان پڑھ لوگوں کی تعلیم کا انتظام ایسے ہمہ قسم انتظامات اور معاملات اسلامی شریعت میں بہترین عبادت کا درجہ رکھتے ہیں۔ اسلامی شریعت میں یہ تاکید ہے کہ کوئی ہمسایہ بھوکا نہ ر ہے، اگر خود پیٹ بھر کر کھا لیا اور پڑوسی بھوکا رہ گیا تویہ کھا نا ناجائز ہوگا۔ انسان کے حقوق کی ادائیگی اور ہر لحاظ سے انسانوں کا احترام کرنا اور ان کی عزت کا خیال رکھنا، اسلامی تعلیمات اس سے معمور ہیں۔ جو انسان حقوق العباد کی ادائیگی کے منصب رفیعہ پر متمکّن ہوتے ہیں وہ آسمانِ عظمت و رفعت پر آفتاب نصف النہار کی طرح چمکتے ہیں۔ یہ وہ انسان ہوتے ہیں کہ جو اپنے آرام و آسائش کو چھوڑتے ہیں اور بہ کمال ایثار دوسروں کے کام آتے ہیں۔ ایسے ایثار اور محب انسان و انسانیت لوگوں کو اسلام ِارفع مقام عطا فرماتا ہے اور ان کی رفعت وعظمت کا ذمہ دار ہوتا ہے۔ اگر ہم کو اپنے ماحول اور اپنے معاشرے میں غربت و جہالت ملتی ہے اور معاشرے میں ہم دیکھتے ہیں کہ ضرورت مند اور یتیم ومحتا ج موجود ہیں، اگر ہماری نگاہیں بداخلاقیوں...
The inclusion of women in the workforce is imperative for the advancement of every country in the world. In Pakistan the role of women is undergoing dynamic transformation which can have considerable influence on the mother-child relationship and child development. This research attempts to understand the influence of out-of-home maternal employment on the development of child, as perceived by mothers. The study is qualitative in nature using snowball sampling. A total of six working mothers were interviewed from Lahore, Pakistan. Thematic analysis technique has been used to analyze the data. The following themes were identified: (i) Child Neglect; (ii) Strained Child-Parent Relationship; (iii) Child Aggression; (iv) Low Academic Achievement; and (v) Independence and Sense of Responsibility. The study concludes that working mothers need family and employer support to ensure child development in Pakistan. Some of the key reforms that are needed include respect for women’s triple role in society and employment benefits for working mothers.
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) have ability to accumulate biominerals intracellularly as iron nanoparticles in the form of ferric oxide (Magnetite) and ferric sulphide (Greigite), known as magnetosomes. Most of them belong to the α-proteobacteria, β-proteobacteria and γ-proteobacteria class. In Pakistan, the Magnetotactic bacterial strains are not yet isolated. In current study, the Magnetotactic bacterial strains are isolated from different environmental samples and a modified specific growth medium was used to culture the isolated MTB strains. The technique used for accumulation of bacteria in water samples was the magnetic enrichment technique. The isolation of magnetotactic bacteria is difficult and identified number of strains of magnetotactic bacteria is less than a hundred. So, there is a need to focus more on the identification and classification of MTB. The selected strains were cultured on scale up production and extraction of magnetosomes were carried out by boiling method. The extracted Magnetosomes were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Powder diffraction (XRD).