محمد دین بھٹی (۱۸۸۳۔۱۹۷۵ء) سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ سکاچ مشن سکول سیالکوٹ اور سکاچ مشن کالج سیالکوٹ کے طالب علم اور علامہ اقبال کے ہم مکتب تھے۔ آپ مولوی میر حسن کے شاگردتھے۔ مولوی میر حسن اپنے گھر کا سودا سلف لانے کے لیے محمد دین بھٹی کو اپنے ساتھ بازار لے جایا کرتے تھے۔ منشی فاضل‘ مولوی عالم کے علاوہ ایم۔ اے انگریزی کرنے کے بعد سکاچ مشن سکول سیالکوٹ میں ۳۵۔۱۹۳۰ کے درمیان مدرس کے طور پر تقرری ہوئی۔ بعد میں مرے کالج سیالکوٹ میں عربی‘ فارسی اور اردو کے لیکچرار تعینات ہوئے۔ محمد دین بھٹی اقبال کے ہم عصر شاعر تھے۔ آپ کا شعری مجموعہ ’’ماء معین‘‘ شائع ہو چکا ہے۔ یہ مجموعہ کلام اقبال اور مولوی میر حسن کے نام سے معنون کیا گیا ہے۔(۲۰۷)راقم الحروف کی کوشش کے باوجود یہ مجموعہ کلام دریافت نہیں ہو سکا۔ نمونۂ کلام ملاحظہ ہو:
کوئی پوچھے کہ کیا ہوتی ہے تقدیر۔ وہ تھی جو پہلے تھی تدبیر
اگر تدبیر ہو قاصر بہ تکمیل تو تقدیر بھی ہوتی ہے تغیر (۲۰۸)
۲۰۷۔ طلعت نثار خواجہ، ’’مرے کالج کے ادیب اساتذہ‘‘ ، مقالہ برائے ایم۔ اے اردو، لاہور ،پنجاب یونیورسٹی، ص:۳۷۰
۲۰۸۔ ایضاً ،ص: ۳۷۲
The present study is divided into two main sections; the first section will give a general overview about the figurative language and more focus on metaphor (istiᶜārah in Arabic) because the metaphor is considered as one of the most literary devices and the main category of the figurative language. So in this study has given various definitions of figurative language and metaphor according to Muslims and Non-Muslims linguists and along with this explained Al-sukākī’s classification of metaphor which is little close to Al-Jurjānī’s classification of metaphor and view respectably among Muslims and Non-Muslims linguists. The second section of this study deals with metaphors given in Holy Qur'ān, which are denoted according to Al-sukākī’s classification in this respect. In this reference the verses are presented with detailed tafsīrī literature so the reader could well comprehend the purposes and the classical aspect of metaphors in text and also could evaluate linguistic architecture of Holy Qur'ān.
Membrane is a thin, delicate, flat sheet which acts as a barrier for selective transport of species under the impact of some driving force. Membrane technology has gained important place in industrial and medicinal field because of its easy utility, efficient performance and low cast. Hemodialysis is an extensively used medical therapy for renal failure and dialysis membranes are essential components of a hemodialysis. The essential properties of a dialysis membrane are high mass transfer of toxic solutes (urea and uric acid) to reduce the dialysis time, maximum protein rejection ability and moderate water flux. Protein adsorption or deposition on the surface or in its pores results in reduction in flux, change of selectivity of the membrane and the low toxin elimination. Polymeric membrane fabricated from cellulose, regenerated cellulose and synthetic polymers are well known for dialysis. Asymmetric Cellulose Acetate (CA) membranes were prepared through phase inversion method and they were modified by blending various organic and inorganic additives. The effects of these additives on membrane’s morphology were investigated using Atomic Force Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy and Contact Angle. Fabricated membrane’s performance was studied in terms of pure water flux, porosity, water uptake, BSA rejection and urea clearance tests. Biocompatibility and blood mimic tests were conducted to find the interaction of synthesized membrane towards cell culture and blood comparable fluids. In first part, CA was blended with poly-ethylene glycol (PEG). The membranes were modified by blending CA/PEG casting solution with glycol. The modified membrane showed good selectivity for urea but was not suitable for dialysis operation. Hence, the composition was reformed using Hydroxyapatite particles (inorganic additive).The results showed enhanced BSA rejection and urea clearance but the obtained percentages were low to be utilized in dialysis. The biocompatibility outcomes of CA/PEG/HA membrane make it appropriate for other biomedical applications. ix In the second part, CA was blended with organic additives including sericine, Poly vinylpyrolidone (PVP) and polyethylene imine (PEI) to improve BSA rejection and Urea clearance of polymeric membrane. These membranes possess moderate pure water flux and hydrophilicity. Performance evaluation investigations confirmed that all these membranes had good pure water flux and BSA rejection above 90%.Membranes fabricated using blend of CA and PEI have highest urea clearance of 67.2%. So, this membrane was selected for further adjustment. During the last part, effect of solvent on CA/PEI dialysis membrane was investigated. Various solvents including acetic acid, formic acid, N, N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) and 1-Methyl-2-pyrolidone (NMP) were tested. The performance efficiency of synthesized membranes verified to, when CA was blended with formic acid (F.A) have desired dialysis characteristics. It possesses moderate hydrophilicity, desired pure water flux value, optimum water uptake, above 98% BSA rejection and urea clearance percentage of 69%. The biocompatibility tests were conducted for CA/PEI/FA membrane using MTT (3-(4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide )assay. It was found that the materials selected for this membrane fabrication were most suitable for dialysis application. Highest cell viability and cellular attachment found in biocompatibility analysis was higher in comparison with commercial dialysis tubing and non-treated control standard. CA/PEI/F.A membrane was further inspected via blood mimic solution to find the performance of membrane commensurate with blood type feed. The up short of the present work is that CA/PEI/F.A membrane is the best possible solution for dialysis. Providing new insight in the dialysis domain; this membrane is not only cost effective but also has high BSA rejection and Urea clearance. Accordingly, biocompatibility and blood mimic results prove it to be the finest device/implant for hemodialyser unit.