ایسر التفاسیر اور اضواء البیان فی تفسیر القرآن کا تقابلی مطالعہ

The ancient 5000 BCyears old Indus Valley Civilization, widely recognized as one of the most important early cities of South Asia. It is one of the world’s first cities and contemporaneous with ancient EgyptianCivilizations and Mesopotamian civilizations. Mohenjo-Daro is located west of the Indus Riveraround 28 kilometres (17 miles) from the town of LarkanaDistrict, Sindh, Pakistan. The Indus Valley civilization was entirely unknown until 1921. It was discovered in 1922 by R. D. Banerji, an officer of the Archaeological Survey of India, under the direction of John Marshall, K. N. Mohenjo-Daro does mean 'Mound of the dead'. It is the name given by the locals to the place. The total area of Mohenjo-daro is 620 acres. Numerous objects found in excavation include seated and standing figures, copper and stone tools, carved seals, balance-scales and weights, gold and jasper jewellery, and children's toys. Many important objects from Mohenjo-daro are conserved at the National Museum of India in Delhi and the National Museum of Pakistan in Karachi. In 1939, a representative collection of arteffacts excavated at the site was transferred to the British Museum by the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India.

A Study of Organizational Structure, Students Achievement and Physical Facilities at Public and Punjab Education Foundation Partner Schools in Punjab

This study is titled as “A Study of Organizational Structure, Students Achievement and Physical Facilities at Public and Punjab Education Foundation Partner Schools in Punjab” The objectives of the study were to; 1) explore the organizational structure of Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools, 2) compare the achievement of students at Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools, 3) compare the physical facilities at Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools, 4) examine the effect of organizational structure on students achievement at Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools, 5) assess the effect of school physical facilities on students achievement at Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools, and 6) forward recommendations for the conduct of further research on the subject. To achieve the above stated objectives of this study, the following research questions were made: 1) What is the difference between organizational structure of Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools? 2) What is the difference between the achievement of students at Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools? 3) What is the difference in the physical facilities of Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools? 4) What is the effect of organizational structure on students‟ achievement at Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools? 5) What is the effect of school physical facilities on students‟ achievement at Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools? The study was quantitative in nature. The design of the study was descriptive based on the survey of the opinions of the Head Teachers and Principals. A sample of 506 Head Teachers of Public schools and 146 Principals of Punjab Education Foundation (PEF) partner schools was drawn through multi stage random sampling technique. A self developed rating scale and checklist for gauging physical facilities (CLPF) was used as an instrument. The PEC annual results of 8th grade Public and PEF partner schools were taken as their achievement scores. The descriptives as well as inferential statistics i.e. t-test, Chi Square and Regression were computed. The predominant findings show that PEF partner schools perform better than Public schools in maximum measures of organizational structure except a few which have been picked up for this study. The performance of Public schools is better regarding students achievement as compared to PEF partner schools. The results of the study show that Public schools provided better physical facilities as compared to PEF partner schools. It could be concluded that organizational structure and physical facilities of both type of schools have direct bearing on students‟ achievement. The study recommends that 1) Highly qualified people are found at Public Schools and it necessitates the revamping of induction process to attract people in PEF partner schools alike Public schools. 2) Schooling process of PEF partner schools is better than Public schools; the same may be followed by the Public schools and PEF partner schools to go by the follow up mechanism of Public schools for the better decision making, standards for space provision, development of school congenial climate and developing job satisfaction among the staff. 3) Academics seems better at Public schools and the PEF partner schools are recommended to follow make endeavours to lesser the gap in case of urban and rural schools of Punjab Education Foundation. 4) Both types of schools are found lacking in the physical facilities like laboratory (for practicals of science subject), lifts (for disabled students), mosque (for saying prayer), transport and air conditioning (for hot season); the same put these schools under obligations to provide the earlier said facilities.