Challenges for Indian Entry into Organisation of Islamic Countries (OIC)

Enough of humiliation and what India calls as defaming by the resolutions by OIC on Kashmir, India has dealt with the challenges it had to face to enter into OIC. The tale of challenges faced by India, and the reciprocal attitude of New Delhi is a concrete depiction of international politics based on national interests, and where International organizations voice for human rights but get overpowered by individual member’s national interests. This piece of paper encompasses a show of challenges what India had to face, could overcome them and how creating challenges for its rivals.

Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Conducting Polymers and Metal Oxide/Sulfides Nanoparticles

Organic-inorganic hybrid solar cells (HSCs) have the potential to be economical and portable energy source. Semiconducting nanocrystals are attractive for solar cells as they have tune-able bandgaps and can improve charge separation when blended with the conjugated polymers. This dissertation advances the field of HSCs by documenting device fabrication and physics employing cobalt oxide (Co3O4), chromium oxide (Cr2O3) for the first time in bulk heterojunction active layer. Two main device structures, bulk heterojunction HSCs and perovskite solar cells (PrSCs) were investigated in this research. In both cases the effect of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) on morphology, opto-electronic properties and lifetimes was systematically studied. The NPs were synthesized using co-precipitation technique and the average particle size of 29.3-36.7 nm and 10-13 nm was obtained for Co3O4 and Cr2O3 respectively. The active layer of HSCs primarily composed of 3-hexylthiophene (P3HT), [6,6]-phenyle-C60-butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM) and poly[[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b'']dithiophene-2,6-diyl][3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b] thiophenediyl]][6,6]) (PTB7), [6,6]-phenyle-C70-butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM) blended with Co3O4 and Cr2O3 separately. An orderly incorporation of NPs in both blends was found to increase the open circuit voltage, short circuit current density, fill factor and conclusively power conversion efficiency (PCE). In PrSCs, methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) was used as main absorber and ZnO and Al:ZnO NPs were used as electron transport layer in addition with PCBM. The NPs interlayer between PCBM and metal electrode increased the overall device performance i.e. PCE and stability. Various characterizations techniques such as short circuit current density vs voltage, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV-Vis Abstract 2 spectrophotometry, external quantum efficiency (EQE) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) have been utilized to fully understand the effect of NPs. A substantial increase in absorption and EQE was observed for the devices with metal oxide NPs. The inclusion of NPs also increased the film roughness and was found to form percolation network with in the active layer in case of HSCs that facilitates charge transport.