ضیاء محمد ضیاء(۱۹۲۸ء۔پ)کا اصل نام ضیا محمد اور تخلص ضیاؔ کرتے تھے۔ آپ کنجاہ سے متصل ایک بستی قاسم آباد ضلع گجرات میں پیدا ہوئے۔۔ ۱۹۵۳ء میں آپ نے سرکاری ملازمت اختیار کر لی اور گورنمنٹ ہائی سکول نمبرا پسرور میں بطور معلم السنہ شرقیہ تعینات ہوئے۔ اس کے بعد آپ مستقل طورپر پسرور میں اقامت پذیر ہو گئے۔(۷۶۲) آپ کے دوشعری مجموعے ’’نوائے شوق ‘‘اور ’’ارمغانِ عشق‘‘ شائع ہو چکے ہیں۔ ضیا اقبال کو روحانی مرشد اور فکری راہنما تسلیم کرتے ہیں۔انھیں غزل گوئی کے بجائے نظم نگاری پر زیادہ عبور حاصل ہے۔ قومی افکار، اخلاقی اقدار اور عشقِ حقیقی ان کی شاعری کا محور ہیں۔نمونہ کلام ملاحظہ ہو:
اے نقشِ گر ہستی ، اے صانع زیبائی
صنعت پہ تری حیراں ہے چشمِ تماشائی
خورشید و مہ و انجم آئینہ نما تیرے
مظہرِ تیری قدرت کا یہ گنبدِ مینائی
کثرت میں بھی دیکھا ہے جلوہ تری وحدت کا
ہے نقش دوئی باطل، حق ہے تری یکتائی
(۷۶۳)
۷۶۲۔ڈاکٹر سلطان محمود حسین، ’’تاریخ پسرور‘‘،ص:۲۵۴
۷۲۳۔ایضاً،ص:۲۵۵
Among the amazing variety of forms of poetic expression by the folk of the Punjab region, this essay has selected three genres: mahiya, dhola and jugni. The study is meant to compare these three genres of Punjabi folklore, in their evolution, structure, expression and themes. The study finds that the three genres are very old in time origin and tracing their exact origins in history is impossible, only few hints are available. Their structures are variable, as mahiya has a fixed structure, dhola has rather loose structure giving more freedom to the singer-poet, and jugni has a specific meter in certain lines, but it has freedom to repeat some lines for perfect expression of the melody. The structures in fact follow the tunes, distinct for each genre. Three genres have many themes common, but jugni has spirituality as dominant theme, dhola has expression of love as dominant them and mahiya has now become quite inclusive, but it originated as expression of love and it still retains that character in its core. The folk heart of Punjab has endeared these three genres so much that these are appreciated far and wide in original tunes, but new experiments of tunes and themes are also underway. Being a true mirror of simple unsophisticated villagers these folk songs would lose popularity if these villagers become sophisticated hence the need for their preservation is highlighted in this study.
Biodiversity is the source of energy and goals to maintain ecosystem for future. Present study of “Biodiversity and molecular characterization of Spider fauna of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa” was carried out in districts (Mardan, Swabi, Malakand, Swat, Dir Lower, Dir Upper, Peshawar, Charsadda, Kohat, Hangu, Karak, Lakki Marwat, Dera Ismail Khan, Mansehra, Battagram and Bajur Agency (F. A. T. A) from 2013 to 2016 in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. All the species were collected during different times of seasons but mostly from March to November of above mention years. The specimens of spiders were collected through hand picking, beat sheet, pitfall trafs and sweep nets in different ecological niches. Preserved specimen were observed under stereomicroscope with supply of light, While pictures were taken by Leca MZ 16 microscope with power light and diagram ofmales and females genitalia were drawn with compound microscope with tube camera (Lecucida). Also, Molecular work was carried out, to extract DNA from four legs of spider species of subtribe Aelurillina (Salticidae) by DNA extraction kits. Four genes (28SrDNA, Wingless, 16S-ND1, COI) were amplified and sequenced by using primers. This study admits nine families of spiders (Araneae) contain twenty Six Genera and distributed in thirty seven species. The species are Aelureillus sp.nov, Aelureillus logunov, Bianor albobimaculatius, Bianor Pujabiicus, Carrohotus sannii, Castianeira sp.nov., Clubiona sp.nov., Crossopriza maculipes, Epocilla sp.nov., EvarchaArabeca, Hasarius adansonii, Heteropoida afghan, Hippasa paritita, Langona calcarata, Langona sp.nov., Lycosa sp.nov., Myrmarachni bicuirvata, Olios sanguinifrons, Oxyopies javana, Pardosa birmanica, Pardosa chaihraka, Pardosa flavisteirna, Peuceitia Arabica, Phelgra bresnieri, Plexippus Kondarensis, Plexippus paykulli, Plexippoides flavescens, Pseudicius admirandus, menemerus nigli (female first time described), steinaelurillus sp.nov., Thanatus fornicatius, Thyene Imperialis,Xysticus preuidocristatus, Yaginumaella sp.nov.,Zelotes spinuilosus. These Species are distributed in genera Bianor, Carrohotus, Castianeira, Chinattus, Clubiona, Crossopriza,Epocilla, Evarcha, Hasarius, Heteropoda, Hippasa, Olieos, Oxyopies,Lycosa,Myrmarachni, Pardosa, Peuceitia, Phlegra, Plexippous, Plexippoides,Pseudicius, Rhene, Thyene,Steinaelurillus, Xysticus, Yaginumaella, Zelotes and consitituted by the Families Corinnidae Clubionidae, Lycosidae Oxyopidae, Philodromidae, Pholcidae, Salticidae, Sparassidae, Thomisidae,. Present study determined 10 new to science species from genera Aelureillus, Castianeira, Chinattus, Clubiona, Epocilla, Evarcha, menemerus Female, Langona, Lycosa, Rhene, Steinaelurillus, Yaginumaella, some of them have been submitted for publication. The more diverse family is Salticidae with 14 genera and 23 species. The aim of the present study was to know the current status of unexplored region for spiders biodiversity with molecular phylogenetic studies to show the present relations of species with their ancestors. We recommend future work on Taxonomy, Biodiversity and Molecular Phylogenetic study of araneae and related arachnids of Pakistan.