مولانا سعید انصاری
افسوس ہے کہ گذشتہ مہینے ہمارے قدیم اور سابق رفیق مولانا سعید انصاری نے لاہور میں انتقال کیا، وہ دارالمصنفین کے دور اول کے رفقاء میں تھے، ان میں تالیف و تصنیف کا بہت اچھا سلیقہ تھا، اور وہ اردو زبان و ادب کا بڑا ستھرا مذاق رکھتے تھے، لیکن مزاج میں استقلال اور اعتدال و توازن نہ تھا، اس لئے کسی ایک مقام پر جم کر نہ رہ سکے، پہلی مرتبہ دارالمصنفین میں ان کا قیام سات آٹھ سال تک رہا، اس مدت میں انھوں نے سیر انصار اور سیر الصحابیات لکھی، اور امام ابو مسلم اصفہانی معتزلی کی تفسیر ’’جامع التاویل لمحکم التنزیل‘‘ جو اب دنیا سے ناپید ہوچکی ہے، اس کے اقتباسات امام رازی کی تفسیر کبیر سے جمع کرکے اس کو کتابی شکل میں مرتب کیا، جو اسی زمانہ میں دارالمصنفین سے شائع ہو گئی تھی، پھر دارالمصنفین چھوڑ کر صوفی پنڈی بہاء الدین کے یہاں چلے گئے اور اس کے لئے سیر الصحابہ کے نام سے شیخینؓ کے حالات ایک جلد میں لکھے، اس کے بعد مختلف اسکولوں میں ٹیچر رہے، مگر ان میں مستقل قیام نہ رہ سکا اس لئے حضرت سید صاحبؒ نے ان کو پھر دارالمصنفین بلالیا، اس مرتبہ ان کا قیام تین چار سال رہا، مگر متفرق مضامین کے علاوہ اس دور کی اور کوئی یادگار نہیں ہے، یہاں سے دوبارہ الگ ہونے کے بعد مختلف رسالوں کے اڈیٹر رہے، پھر سید صاحب نے ان کو ہندوستانی اکیڈمی الہ آباد کے سہ ماہی اردو رسالہ کا اڈیٹر مقرر کروایا، چند برسوں کے بعد اس سے بھی الگ ہوگئے، اور پاکستان قائم ہونے کے بعد لاہور چلے گئے، حضرت سید صاحبؒ نے ان کو لاہور یونیورسٹی کے شعبۂ اردو انسائیکلوپیڈیا میں رکھا دیا، اسی خدمت پرتھے کہ دفعتہ ان کے انتقال کی خبر ملی، شاعر...
The Holy Quran is revealed by Allah Almighty to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ over approximately 23 years. Allah Almighty has given the command in the Quran Majeed for people to obey His Messenger. According to Ghulam Ahmad Parwez, the Quran Majeed states that obedience to Allah and His Messenger means obedience to the central authority of the Government named (Markaz e Millt). The Quran provides fundamental principles, such as prayer, fasting, pilgrimage, etc., but the detailed regulations are subject to the discretion of Markaz-e-Millat, who can adapt them according to the contemporary circumstances. Any changes made by the central authority in these regulations are considered legitimate and in accordance with the divine will. This study argues that the obedience to Allah and His Messenger mentioned in the Quran does not refer to obedience to the central authority of the Muslim community, known as "Markaz-e-Millat" (Center of the Community). Numerous Quranic verses warn against disobedience and denial of the Prophet. The Prophet's actions and behavior serve as a complete model for the community, and faith in him is a fundamental requirement of the religion. In conclusion, the idea that obedience to Allah and His Messenger essentially means obedience to the central authority of the Muslim community is an interpretation based on rational understanding but is ultimately unacceptable.
Kyewords: Qu’rān, Interpretation, Ghulām Aḥmad Pervez Markaz-e-Millat, Government
Workflow technology is widely used for automation of business processes that supports their modeling, enactment, tracking, and analysis. Processes represented as workflows are composed of ordered and coordinated activities that integrate humans, resources, and applications. Workflow brings flexibility through explicit definition of processes enabling applications to be easily managed without disturbing the program code. Such unique characteristics of workflow technology enable it to be used in domains other than business also. In fact, workflow based programming brings a paradigm shift in the development of applications in more flexible, natural, and usable way. Recent advancement in communication, electronics, sensors, and software architectures pose requirements of context-aware applications that are dynamic, flexible, and adaptable. These applications are not limited to emerging domains like pervasive and ubiquitous computing but also required by traditional business processes to survive in today’s competitive market. The design and maintenance of context-aware applications may greatly be simplified by using workflows to represent variability associated with these applications. However, rigidity in workflow representation and enactment necessitates modifications and extensions in workflow technology before it could be adopted in context-aware application development. This thesis investigates key issues and challenges in adopting workflow technology for context-aware applications. Governed by the guiding principles of flexibility, adaptability, extensibility, reusability, autonomy, and usability; a generic framework for context-aware workflow design and management is presented. Making use of explicit modeling of context information, adaptation rule-set, and sub-workflows, a conventional workflow application may be transformed to become context-aware. A Context-Activity Architecture is presented that describes the integration and working of constituent components of context-aware workflow system. Most notably, an activity is represented as specially designed context-aware activity that adapts itself to a contextually suitable activity at runtime with the help of necessary functionality embedded within the activity itself. The proposed architecture is realized through the development of a context aware workflow designer tool (CAWD) using Windows Workflow Foundation classes. A couple of example scenarios and simulated testing elaborate and verify the intended adaptation operations and handling of evolutionary changes within a process that may be experienced by a context-aware workflow application.