الربافی بلاد غیرالمسلمة: دراسة فقهیة مقارنة

Islam is not a mere set of worships but it leaves no stone unturned to guide its followers regarding the social conduct be it politico-legal, sociocultural or economic etc to name a few. The interest-based transactions have been categorically rendered impermissible and unlawful by virtue of Quranic injunctions and authentic ahadith. In this article the issue of interest based transactions – Muslim to Muslim, Muslim to non-Muslim and vice versa, a Muslim resident of a non-Muslim state and a Muslim non-resident of a nonMuslim state – has been discussed in detail in the light of Quran, hadith and juristic rulings of the eminent Islamic scholars including the great four imams.

Synthesis of Robust Anti-Windup Compensator for Nonlinear and Non-Linear Time-Delay Systems under Actuator Saturation

All physical systems are acquiesced to operational restrictions, accompanying am plitude limitations of actuators. Under such a condition, a compensator commonly known as anti-windup compensator (AWC) is incorporated in the closed-loop sys tem to retain the control signal within certain limits for ensuring satisfactory performance and maintaining stability. The aim of this thesis is to develop robust AWC design methods for nonlinear and nonlinear time-delay systems. Several new AWC architectures and design schemes have been addressed for nonlinear and non linear time-delay systems by means of decoupling approach, Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional, Lipschitz condition, L2 stability, nonlinearity bounds, Wirtinger-based inequality, Lyapunov stability, sector conditions, and reformulated Lipschitz con tinuity property. Robustness of the proposed AWC designs is considered against parametric uncertainties and exogenous inputs. The core contribution of this re search work is fourfold. First, novel global and local robust dynamic AWC designs are proposed for nonlinear systems with parametric uncertainties and one-sided Lipschitz nonlinearities under actuator saturation. Second, a new decoupling ap proach based AWC for Lipschitz nonlinear time-delay systems with state delays using delay-range-dependent methodology is presented. Third, a novel technique is proposed for designing more practical static AWC for dynamic nonlinear time delay systems with state interval time-delays, exogenous disturbance, and input saturation. Fourth, LMI-based conditions are derived for designing a robust dy namic AWC for nonlinear time-delay systems with model uncertainties, Lipschitz nonlinearities, and actuator saturation. Various simulation examples are provided to show effectiveness the suggested static and dynamic AWC methodologies.